Kuumba kwa Stucco mkatikati kunayamba kalekale ku Greece ndi Roma wakale, chifukwa chake amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri. Inapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu munthawi ya classicism, baroque, empire, koma pambuyo pake sanaiwalike.
Zachidziwikire, mawonekedwe amakono a stucco si ofanana, adakonzedwa, ndikuperekedwa kwa ogula ndi mawonekedwe abwino pamtengo wotsika mtengo. M'masitolo, mitundu yambiri yazokongoletsera za stucco imaperekedwa ndi zinthu zosiyana zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndikupanga kamodzi. Ntchito yosema si yofanana ndi ntchito ya okonza mapulani akale, koma mawonekedwe ake ndiwachilengedwe.
Zida zopangira stucco
Kalekale, kuwumba kwa stucco kumayenera kupangidwa kuchokera kumatope a simenti, laimu, pulasitala kapena gypsum. Masiku ano, zosakaniza zapadera za gypsum zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso zokongoletsera zopangidwa ndi polyurethane kapena polystyrene (aka polystyrene), yomwe imangomangirizidwa kumtunda wokonzedweratu, kenako kujambulidwa. Chosankha chilichonse chili ndi zabwino zake ndi zovuta zake.
Polyurethane stucco akamaumba
Chifukwa cha kulimba kwake ndi kapangidwe kake kokongola, nkhaniyi ili pafupi ndi mapangidwe enieni a pulasitala. Kuphatikiza apo, samawopa nyengo zosiyanasiyana za kutentha, chinyezi komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina. Zitha kujambulidwa ndi utoto uliwonse. Palinso ma seti apadera omwe amakulolani kuti mupange zotsatira zakale. Ngati ndikofunikira kupaka pamwamba pokhota, ndikofunikira kusankha zinthu zosinthika zofunikira, cholemba chokhudza izi nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi wopanga.
Zokongoletsa za polystyrene
Zipangizo za Styrofoam ndizopepuka, zosinthika, zotchipa. Pafupifupi nyumba iliyonse ili ndi matabwa a polystyrene skirting, omwe ndi zokongoletsa zosavuta. Chosavuta chachikulu pazogulitsa ndizabwino. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito polystyrene m'malo omwe anthu ndi ziweto sangathe kufikako, popeza mano amangotsalira pamenepo.
Pulasitala akamaumba
Chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, chimafunikira maluso ndi luso. Gypsum stucco akamaumba amalemera kwambiri, ndipo sikophweka kuyikonza. Mwa mikhalidwe yabwino, ndikuyenera kuzindikira mawonekedwe okongoletsa ndi zosankha zopanda malire. Kuphatikiza pa zokongoletsa zokonzedwa kale, opanga amapereka zosakaniza za pulasitala popanga mawonekedwe apadera ndi zodzikongoletsera.
Mitundu yakapangidwe kazokongoletsa mkati
Mtundu wathunthu wa stucco umapangidwa ndikulumikiza magawo osiyanasiyana, monga wopanga.
Pali mitundu yambiri yazokongoletsa, lingalirani zazikulu:
- Ma skirting board ndi ma slats omwe amaphimba pansi ndi makoma. Izi ndizomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa. Kawirikawiri matabwa kapena pulasitiki skirting board amafanana ndi kamvekedwe ka chophimba pansi;
- Cornice - Zingwe zokongoletsa za makulidwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimaphimba ngodya yopangidwa ndi khoma ndi denga;
- Kuumba - thabwa lokhala ndi volumetric. Ankagwiritsa ntchito kuphimba malo ophatikizika, popanga makoma, mafelemu, chimanga, ndi zina zambiri.
- Chosimitsa chojambulidwa ndichowoneka bwino kwambiri pamwamba pa ndege.
- Rosette - stucco akamaumba mosiyanasiyana, ndikupanga poyambira;
- Bulaketi ndi chinthu chothandizira pamagawo omwe akutuluka. Zikhoza kukongoletsedwa ndi ma curls osiyanasiyana;
- Column ndi dzina lomwe limawonetsa bwino tanthauzo la mutuwo. Chojambulacho chimakhala ndi magawo atatu: maziko (othandizira pansi), mzati womwewo, gawo lachifumu (capital kapena pilaster);
- Niche - wokwera pakhoma, amagwiritsa ntchito kuyika chifanizo, font, ndi zinthu zina.
Kuphatikiza pazinthu zofunika izi, pali zambiri zambiri: odulira osiyanasiyana, ngodya, zopindika, ma midship, mapangidwe, ma curls, tsatanetsatane wa zokongoletsera.
Momwe masitayilo amkati ndimapangidwe a stucco oyenera kwambiri
Kuumba kwa stucco kwathunthu sikungakhaleko pamitundu yonse. Zachidziwikire, izi sizokhudzana kokha ndi chimanga kapena skirting board.
Mtundu wa ufumu
Mbali yayikulu ya kalembedwe kameneka ndizopambana zachifumu, zomwe zimatsindika ndi kukongoletsa kwa stucco. Mapangidwe amkati ayenera kukhala ndi mipando yayikulu yolemetsa ya mahogany. Zodzikongoletsera zapadera ndi mikondo, nthambi za thundu, mivi, mauta, zizindikilo zina zankhondo, ziwombankhanga za Laurel, ziboliboli zachikazi zojambulidwa ndi zojambula za Pompeian.
Zojambulajambula
Chinyezimiro chowoneka cha "mafunde" a 20 azaka zapitazo. Mtunduwu umaphatikizaponso chuma ndi zinthu zapamwamba, kuphatikiza pakupanga kwa stucco, imayimilidwa ndi zinthu zodula, zikopa za nyama zosowa, mitundu yolemera. Zinthu za Stucco: nyama ndi mbalame, koma mkati mwake simuyenera kudzazidwa kwambiri, zimaperekedwa pamizere yoyera, mawonekedwe osavuta ojambula.
Zachikhalidwe
Gawo lina pakukula kwachikale, komwe kumadziwika ndi ulemu, kudzikuza, kuwonjezeka kowoneka kwa malo mwanjira iliyonse. Baroque, mwazinthu zina, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ziboliboli, zipilala zopindika, magalasi ambiri, makalapeti, matepi. Chodzikongoletsera cha stucco chidzakhala nkhata zolemera za zipatso ndi maluwa, zikatoni, gridi yooneka ngati daimondi yokhala ndi rosettes, chokongoletsera chovuta.
Rococo
Kuphatikizana kwamkati kumatsimikizira kukhutira komanso kusewera. Kuchulukitsa chidwi kumawonetsedwa m'nthano, zochitika zolaula. Ndondomekoyi ndiyabwino kupanga mawonekedwe apamtima. Mulimonsemo, asymmetry, mizere yopindika, ma curls osiyanasiyana ndi mafunde amatha kutsatidwa, kuchuluka kwa zokongoletsa zazing'ono pamakoma kumadutsa padenga. Venus nthawi zambiri amakhala mulungu wapakati, wozunguliridwa ndi ma nymphs, ma cupids, satyrs.
Kalembedwe kachi Greek
Maonekedwe a kulingalira, kuphweka, mgwirizano, ungwiro. Zolemba zachi Greek zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi bwalo lolembedwa m'mipanda. Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa makamaka ndi mawonekedwe am'mbali mwa chipindacho okhala ndi zipilala m'makona omwe amathandizira matabwa. Kuumba kwa stucco yoyera, mipando, zovala, zopangira zosemphana ndi utoto wamakomawo. Pansi pake pamakhala chophimba cha marble. Stucco akamaumba kalembedwe kachi Greek: zipilala, zolinga za maluwa, zipatso, mphesa, ziboliboli, mabasiketi achi Greek.
Zachikhalidwe
Zimafotokozedwa ndikudziletsa, mgwirizano ndi kuwongoka kwamawonekedwe. Kupanga kwachikale, pazabwino zake zonse, kumatha kuwoneka bwino kuposa chatekinoloje chatsopano. Zojambula za stucco zimawonetsa mizere yolunjika, mabwalo, ma rectangles, rosettes, maluwa, zokongoletsa zosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe, kubwereza zolinga zosavuta. Nthawi zina zizindikilo zachikondi zidzakhala zoyenera: mbalame, tochi, maluwa.
Kubadwa Kwatsopano
Tikuwonetsa miyambo yakale yachi Roma komanso yachi Greek yodzikongoletsa. Chuma chimatsindika ndikukula kwa chipinda. Mtunduwu umasamala kwambiri za zokongoletsa: zipilala, chimanga, zokongoletsa, kujambula pamakoma ndi kudenga. Ankagwiritsa ntchito mipando yayikulu yopangidwa ndi matabwa akuda kapena opepuka. Stucco amatha kukhala osiyanasiyana: zinthu za nyama, zomera, matupi amunthu amaliseche, malaya amanja, makanda onenepa, mphukira zazomera, zipatso, chimera.
Zamakono
Imodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri, omwe amadziwika ndi kukana kufanana. Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake, imakwanira bwino bwino m'malo am'nyumba zamakono. Kuwonetsa chikhumbo cha kuphweka popanda kupereka chisomo. Kukongoletsa kwa Stucco pankhaniyi ndichinthu chilichonse chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi chilengedwe: zomera, nkhono, bowa, mitsinje yamadzi, mizere yopindika ya wavy, nkhope zazimayi zazitali ndi tsitsi lalitali, zotayika m'makola a zovala zowala.
Stucco akamaumba mkati mwamakono
Stucco akamaumba mnyumba kapena mnyumba amapangira nyumbayo mawonekedwe okongola, imapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyambirira, koma yopanda chisomo. Zokongoletsazo zimakupatsani mwayi wopanga zowoneka mwapadera, mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa denga kapena khoma lokhazikika. Zingwe zingapo zokongoletsedwa, kutseka mipata ndi mafupa, kukonza zolakwika zolondola, kumathandizira bwino mzere wophatikizira zida zosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe. Kuunikira kobisika nthawi zina kumayikidwa kumbuyo kwa stucco kudenga plinths.
Makatani oyimitsira denga amakhala ndi rosette ya mawonekedwe oyenera ndi pulogalamu. Mabala okongoletsera, ma medallions, ma garland amakulolani kukongoletsa ziphuphu, kukongoletsa ndege za makoma, zitseko, mawindo, mabwalo kapena magalasi.
Zitsanzo zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi stucco mkatikati ndizoyenera kudzoza, koma ndi bwino kusankha masanjidwe ndi zokongoletsera zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa payekhapayekha, poganizira zofunikira za kamangidwe kake, mipando.
Kuumba kwa stucco ndi njira yabwino yopangira kutsetsereka kwa denga, koma nthawi yomweyo yotsika mtengo, yopepuka komanso yokongola kwambiri. Kutsegula kokongoletsedwa ndi stucco kudzawoneka kosangalatsa. Zamkati zamkati nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi bas-reliefs.
Katswiri waluso wogwira ntchito ndi pulasitala athandizira kuti lingaliro lililonse likwaniritsidwe, kupanga zinthu zokongoletsera zazitali kapena mapanelo athunthu. Mothandizidwa ndi kuumba kwa stucco, ndikosavuta kuwunikira zinthu zofunika mkati. Zokongoletsa kukhoma zokhala ndi ma volumetric 3D mapanelo zikuchulukirachulukira.
Anthu ambiri molakwika amakhulupirira kuti kuumba kwa stucco kuyenera kukhala koyera. Pakadali pano, nthawi zonse idakongoletsedwa ndi tsamba lagolide kapena utoto. Lero pali zosankha zina. Pofunsira kwa kasitomala, ma stucco amatha kupentedwa mumthunzi uliwonse, matabwa odera kapena ma marble, okutidwa, osungunuka kapena okalamba.
Mosakayikira, kuumba kwa stucco pakupanga nyumba kumakhala ndi zabwino zambiri. Koma musanakongoletse pabalaza, khitchini kapena chipinda chogona ndi zokongoletsa zazikulu, muyenera kuganizira ngati ziziwoneka zogwirizana, osawoneka ngati chinthu chachilendo. Zodzikongoletsera mopitirira muyeso, kubisalira, ndizosayenera kuposa kusowa. Kuumba kwa Stucco sikungakhale koyenera ndi kutalika kwa denga kosakwana 3 mita. Komanso, simuyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito m'zipinda zing'onozing'ono, padzakhala kumverera kwaphokoso, vutoli lidzagwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso.
