Zosintha zambiri m'moyo wonse, koma chidwi chofuna kuwoneka bwino, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe anu mwanjira yapadera sichikusintha. Zovala zimathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa vutoli. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kutsatira osati kalembedwe ndi kutchuka kwa zinthu zokha, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti zimawoneka bwino, kuti zisunge mawonekedwe awo ndi umphumphu. Izi magawo makamaka zimadalira momwe zinthu zasungidwira, mwachitsanzo, chipinda chosanjikiza kapena chipinda chovekera m'chipinda chogona, pabalaza, podyera.
Mukamamanga nyumba yayikulu, mutha kuperekanso chipinda chapadera kuti muteteze zida zanu, mukhale ndi mpweya wabwino, makina osungira kutentha, kuyatsa kwaponse komanso kwapanyumba. Komabe, pazinyumba zazing'ono kapena nyumba zazing'ono, njirayi ndiyosatheka. Koma ngakhale mutakhala mopanikizika, mwachitsanzo, m'chipinda chanu chogona, mutha kukonza chipinda chocheperako komanso chothandiza.
Makhalidwe akukonzekera chipinda chovekera m'chipinda chogona
Bizinesi yayikulu iliyonse imayamba ndikuwunika ndikukonzekera. Kukonzekera malo osungira m'chipinda chofanananso. Choyamba, chakuti chipinda chimapangidwira molunjika kuti chisangalatse chimaganiziridwa. Pakuyenera kukhala kosangalatsa komanso kosangalatsa pano, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti chipinda chovekera chimakwaniritsa zamkati zomwe zilipo. Ndizosavomerezeka kuti amachepetsa kwambiri malo ogwiritsa ntchito, amasokoneza kuyenda kwaulere.
Mukamapanga, choyambirira, muyenera kudziwa komwe kuli chimbudzi, chomwe chimadalira momwe chipinda chimakhalira, kukula kwake. Njira imodzi yosavuta ndikukonzekereranso khonde kapena loggia, chipinda choyandikana nacho, cholowa cha kukula koyenera. Ngati kulibe nyumba zotere, ndiye kuti muyenera kulabadira malekezero a makomawo, onetsetsani ngodya imodzi yomwe ilipo.
Gawo lotsatira pakupanga projekiti ndikuyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito: munthu m'modzi, okwatirana, banja lonse. Momwemo, wokhalamo aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi ngodya yakeyake, koma muzing'onozing'ono, makamaka chipinda chimodzi, izi sizingatheke. Chotsatira, muyenera kupanga mndandanda wazinthu zosungira, kuzisankha, kuwapatsa mashelufu osiyana, mabokosi, zopachika, mabokosi ndi madengu.
Kuti muwerenge molondola dera lomwe likufunika, pamafunika osati kungodziwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zasungidwa, komanso kupezera katundu wocheperako, chifukwa zovala zikuwonjezeredwa nthawi zonse.
Mitundu yazovala zovala m'chipindacho
Mukamakonza chipinda chovekera, muyenera kuganizira kuti pasakhale malo ocheperako mchipindacho, bedi lokhala ndi mutu wakutsogolo limakhalabe losavuta, ndipo zenera silodzaza. Ndikofunika kuti musaphwanye mawonekedwe a chipinda, kuti mukhale ndi ergonomics. Chifukwa chake, kusankha kwamtundu woyenera kuyenera kuyandikira mosamala kwambiri. Popeza kukula kwa chipinda chogona, kupezeka kwa malo aulere, mutha kusankha imodzi mwanjira izi:
- chimbudzi chotseguka;
- chipinda;
- liniya;
- ngodya;
- omangidwa.
Muyenera kuganizira mozama chilichonse musanakhazikike pazoyenera kwambiri. Mutha kuyesa kupanga projekiti yoyenerera nokha. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuwona zithunzi ndi makanema ambiri osavuta kupeza pa intaneti. Komabe, sizotheka nthawi zonse kuchita chilichonse ndi manja anu, ngakhale mutayang'ana zithunzi zojambula, ndipo simungathe kuchita popanda thandizo la akatswiri. Kuti tichite izi, tikhala mwatsatanetsatane pamitundu iliyonse yomwe yasungidwa yosungidwa.
Zowonjezera
Ngati mulibe zipinda m'chipinda chogona, kulowa pakhonde kapena loggia, ndiye kuti muyenera kugawa malo mkati mchipinda. Chipinda chovala chokhazikika chitha kukhala chofunikira pazipinda zazikulu. Ili pafupi ndi khoma lopanda kanthu, pomwe mulibe mawindo ndi zitseko. Kapangidwe kamtunduwu sikungasokoneze ma geometry omwe alipo, ndipo ndi mapangidwe oyenera, adzakwanira mkati.
Ntchito zoterezi zatchuka chifukwa chakumangika, kuthekera kopanga sitayilo imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwewo akhale osawoneka. Kuti mutseke gawo la chipinda, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito:
- khoma lomangidwa ndi plasterboard, zopangidwa mwazitsulo zosiyanasiyana, magalasi, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kutsetsereka, zitseko zosunthika;
- kachitidwe kotsatsira zitseko zoyikika kutalika konse;
- chimanga ndi makatani;
- ingozisiya.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino chimbudzi, kuya kwake kuyenera kukhala osachepera 1.5 m. Poganizira izi, titha kunena kuti siyabwino chipinda chilichonse. Kapangidwe koteroko sikangakonzedwe mchipinda chogona chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amphako yaying'ono, chotseguka pazenera ndi zitseko zofananira mbali zopapatiza. Pazinthu zotere, njira zina ndi zofunika kuziganizira.
Pakona
Chipinda cholowera pakona chingakhale yankho labwino pazipinda zazing'ono komanso zazikulu. Ikuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino malo ochepa. Itha kukhazikika pakona yaulere, mbali ya chitseko kapena zenera. Zojambulazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosunthika, koma zimawoneka bwino makamaka m'mipanda yayikulu kapena yopanda malire. Itha kukhala yotseguka, koma kuti mukwaniritse bwino ndibwino kuyika facade.
Ubwino waukulu wachipinda chovekera ndi monga: kuchuluka kwakukulu, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wophatikizira zinthu zonse; imasunga malo, imadzaza madera omwe nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zina mwazovuta zake ndi izi: kukula pang'ono, komwe kumapangitsa kuvala kosasangalatsa; Mitundu yokonzedwa kale siyodziwika poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yogulitsa, yomwe imawapangitsa kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri.
Mukasiya kusankha kwanu pazinthu ngati izi, muyenera kumvetsetsa mitundu yomwe ilipo kale. Okonza amatha kupereka zinthu zingapo zoyambirira. Zonsezi ndizosiyana pamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, zitha kukhala ndimapangidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mauna amtundu wa mesh apita kukapangidwe kakapangidwe; pofuna malangizo apamwamba, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zikwama zamatabwa zamatabwa.
Zomangidwa
Zovala zomangidwa mkati zitha kupangidwa m'chipinda chogona, pomwe pali malo ochezera, kapena kabati kapena chipinda chapafupi chapafupi. Ngati kulibe zinthu zotere, ndiye kuti gawo la chipindacho lingasankhidwe kuti lizikonza chimbudzi, ndikuchilekanitsa ndi malo otsalawo ndi magawano okhala ndi zitseko zotsegula. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino nyumbayi, kukula kwake kuyenera kukhala osachepera 1.5 m.
Malo osambiramo amatchedwa omangidwa ngati makoma, pansi, kudenga ndi tsatanetsatane wa zovala, pomwe danga lamkati liyenera kukhala lokwanira kuti munthu akhale mkati. Pali mitundu ingapo yamakonzedwe amenewa, omwe atha kugawidwa m'magulu awa:
- Mlanduwu (rack). Zovala zokhazikika zimapezeka m'mbali mwake, pamakoma.
- Gulu. Mukamakonza nyumba, makomawo amakhala ndi mapanelo okongoletsera (ma boiserie), pomwe amalumikiza mashelufu, mabokosi, ndi zina zambiri.
- Modular (chimango). M'malo mwake, uwu ndi mtundu wamtundu. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndikowerengera mosasinthasintha, i.e. ndizotheka kukonza zinthu mwadongosolo lililonse.
- Mtundu wapamwamba. M'malo mosungira matabwa, mabokosi ndi mashelufu, zomangira zopepuka za aluminiyamu, ma racks azitsulo, zopalira, madengu amathumba amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Tsegulani
Chimbudzi chimatha kupangika mchipinda chilichonse malinga ndi dera. Amatanthauza njira yotseguka yosungira zinthu, mulibe mipanda ndi zitseko mmenemo. Ndi gawo lachipinda momwemo, cholumikizana bwino ndi mkati. Chovala chadongosolo lotere sichikudziwikabe ndi eni nyumba ambiri, chifukwa cholephera kapena kulephera kuwoneka bwino nthawi zonse.
Zachidziwikire, zosowa ndi zokonda za munthu aliyense ndizosiyana, ena amafunikira malo ambiri osungira, ena amakhala ndi kabati imodzi. Ndipo komabe, iwo omwe aganiza zokonzekeretsa malo ovala moyenera akukumana ndi ntchito yovuta. Kupatula apo, ndikofunikira kuti chipindacho chisamagwire bwino ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe alipo mosavuta, komanso kukhalabe ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.
Mukakonzekera bwino, mutha kusintha chipinda, onjezani makoma osavuta ndi makabati, mashelufu, mashelufu, otungira ndi ziphuphu. Ambiri opanga amapereka mipando yolenga. Malingaliro opanga kapangidwe kake ndi kusankha kwakukulu kwamapangidwe apadera komanso kwamakina osiyanasiyana kukongoletsa nyumba zazikulu komanso zipinda zazing'ono.
Zovala zovala
Kapangidwe kameneka sikangatchulidwe chipinda chodzaza, chifukwa ndi zovala. Komabe, ngati mungasankhe mtundu waukulu wokwanira, sungamangodabwa ndi magwiridwe ake, komanso mogwirizana mogwirizana mkati mwa chipindacho, chikhala chiwonetsero chake. Mipando yotere imakhala yakuya pafupifupi mita, palinso zosankha zakuya, zomwe, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chipinda chaching'ono, ngakhale kusintha zovala mkati.
Zovala zimakhala ndi zabwino zambiri. Choyamba, ili ndi malo okonzedwa bwino, pali madera osiyana osungira zipewa, zovala, ndi zipinda za nsapato. Chachiwiri, ngakhale ndi kukula kwakukulu, imasunga malo ndikusintha mipando ina yambiri. Chachitatu, mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala okongola komanso omasuka.
Chovala chotsetsereka chitha kutchedwa mipando yapamtima, chifukwa alendo samaitanidwa kawirikawiri kuchipinda. Ndi kusankha kwamapangidwe otere, sipadzakhalanso zovuta zapadera. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu. Mutha kupeza zosankha zonse zaulere ndikupanga niche, kapena kuyika khoma limodzi lopanda kanthu. Mitundu yazovala ngati L komanso U yooneka ngati U imaperekedwanso pamsika.
Ndi malo ati omwe amafunikira chipinda chovala
Kukula kwa malo osungira ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwerengera parameter iyi pamapangidwe. Pofuna kukhazikitsa bwino kukula kwa chimbudzi chomwe chili mchipinda chogona, ndikofunikira kudziwa mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zovala zosungidwa pamenepo, kugawa magawidwe, kukhazikitsa m'lifupi ndi kutalika. Muyeneranso kuganizira za malo a chipinda chomwecho, kapena malo osiyana.
Kukula pang'ono kwa chipinda choveketsa kuyenera kukhala 1.2 x 1.5 m (m'lifupi, kutalika). Koma chimbudzi chathunthu, momwe simungangosungira zinthu zokha, komanso kusintha zovala, kapangidwe kameneka sikangatchulidwe. Ngati dera la chipinda likuloleza, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kuchita zowerengera mwatsatanetsatane. Chizindikiro chakuya chimadalira njira yosungira zinthu ndi malo aulere oyenda.
Ngati gawo lina la zovala lipachika pa bar, ndiye kuti kuzama kwa kabati kuyenera kukhala osachepera 60 cm.Ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zotsekera kumapeto, gawo ili limachepetsedwa kukhala masentimita 35-40. , chizindikiritso choyenera cha kuya kwa chipinda chovala chiyenera kukhala osachepera masentimita 150. Kutalika kwa nyumbayo kumadalira mtundu wa mawonekedwe a zovala, kutalika kwa khoma, malo azenera komanso zotseguka zitseko.
Momwe mungayendere
Kwa ambiri, kukonza chipinda chovekedwa kuchipinda kumakhala ntchito yosatheka. Sikuti aliyense wokhala ndi nyumba iliyonse angakwanitse ntchito zoterezi. Mayankho amakono amakuthandizani kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli ndikukwaniritsa maloto anu. Ndi manja anu, mutha kupanga magawidwe a bajeti mosavuta ndikupanga malo osungira zinthu zonse zomwe zingagwirizane bwino mkati. Sichiyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi mipando.
Magawo a Plasterboard
Njira yosankhayi ndiyabwino zipinda momwe mulibe nyumba zoyandikana nazo. Nthawi zambiri, njira yosungiramo bwino imagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo kapena chinsalu chikayikidwa m'mbali mwa khoma limodzi. Akukonzekera kulekanitsa chipinda chovekedwa ndi plasterboard, poganizira zomwe zili mchipinda, malo azenera komanso zotseguka zitseko.
Chipinda chofananira ndi choyenera kuchipinda chaching'ono. Kuphatikiza kwake kwakukulu ndi kuthekera kwake kwakukulu. Mashelufu akhazikitsidwa pakhoma, ndipo amapachika pagawo palokha. Makonzedwewa ndi abwino kwambiri ndipo amakupatsani mwayi wosunga zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza zovala zazikulu, zazikulu.
Zovala zomangidwa
Kwachipinda chogona chochepa, chipinda chovala chotere chikhala mulungu weniweni. Zovala zomangidwa zidzaphatikizana ndi zamkati zonse ndipo zidzakhala gawo lofunikira mchipindacho. Amatenga malo okwera kwambiri, kuloleza mashelufu ambiri ndi mabokosi osungira. Mitundu yonse imakwanira kulowa mchipinda chilichonse chosasanjika, potero pewani mipata pakati pa khoma la kabati ndi mawonekedwe ofukula.
Zipinda zovekera zotere zimamangidwa mwadongosolo, malinga ndi polojekitiyo. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti musankhe chilichonse chomwe angafune. Magalasi kumapeto kwa zitseko amathandizira kukulitsa chipinda ndikudzaza ndi kuwala kwina. Zovala zomangidwa mkati zitha kupangidwa kukhala chinthu chapadera chokongoletsa kapena chobisika monga maziko azithunzi kapena pulasitala.
Wodzigudubuza shutter kutsetsereka zitseko
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino komanso zosungira ndalama pazipinda zogona zapamwamba zokhala ndi mawonekedwe aliwonse. Makamaka mapangidwe amitseko oterewa ndi oyenera muzipinda zazing'ono momwe mumangofunikira kupulumutsa malo. Ponena za kapangidwe kake, zitseko zokhotakhota pazipinda zovalira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awa:
- Bwezeretsani. Lamba lirilonse mwakachetechete komanso mosadukiza limalowa munjira yake. Zitha kupangidwa ndi chilichonse (matabwa, galasi, pulasitiki);
- Zitseko chipinda. Mbali zonse ziwiri zimayenda mosavuta pazitseko zofananira wina ndi mnzake. Ngati ali otseguka nthawi yomweyo, gawo laling'ono lopita kuchipinda chovala limapangika;
- Zojambula za Techno. Zitseko zotere nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira. Amakonzedwa kumtunda kokha, ndipo m'munsi amakhalabe oimitsidwa ndikuyenda momasuka;
- Zosungika. Mtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri wazitseko zotsekera. Zinthu zaumwini zimapinda pakati ndikuchoka;
- Accordion. Ali ndi mapempho ambiri kuposa mapangidwe owongoka. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amodzi.
Kukongoletsa ndi kukongoletsa
Pambuyo poti chipinda chovekera mchipinda chogona chasankhidwa ndikapangidwe kake, muyenera kuyamba kumaliza. Chipinda chosungira zovala chitha kupangidwa ngati chipinda chobisalira, malo otsekedwa kuseri kwa nsalu yotchinga kapena magawano, zovala zokhazikika. Ngati dera ndi kapangidwe ka nyumba kapena nyumba zilola, chipinda chovekera chimapangidwa ngati chipinda chosiyana.
Pofuna kukongoletsa chipinda chogona, chipinda chimodzimodzi chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito makoma ndi pansi. Kusankha kwamapangidwe kumatengera zokonda za eni ake. Ngati pali potuluka kuchipinda chogona, ndi bwino kusiyanitsa chipinda chovala ndi chophimba chapadera chopanda madzi.
Kudulira nkhuni kumafunikira pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse. Makoma amatabwa adzapuma, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri m'chipinda momwe zovala zimakhala nthawi zonse.
Mitundu ya chipinda chovekera
Kusankha kwamitundu yokongoletsera ndi zinthu zodzaza chipinda chosungira zinthu zimadalira kachitidwe kapamwamba ka chipinda chogona. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kukula kwa chipinda kuti musasokoneze malingaliro ake. Ngati chida ndi kukongoletsa chipinda chovala ndizopepuka, izi zimawonjezera chipinda. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mithunzi ya pinki, beige, buluu, saladi.
Mutha kusankha mitundu yowala ngati chipinda chovekera chili mchipinda chachikulu kapena kapangidwe ka chipinda chimafunikira. Zitseko zokhala ndi zovala mkati nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe owala, zowonera ndi magawano zimayikidwa pansi pa denga ndipo mawonekedwe okhala ndi mizere yoyimirira amasankhidwa. Njira yofananira yotere imakweza zowoneka bwino mchipinda chamkati komanso mawonekedwe a lalikulu.
Kuyatsa
Payenera kukhala kuwala kokwanira momwe mungathere mu chipinda chovekera. Ndibwino kuti musayese kuchita izi, kusamalira kupezeka kwa kuyatsa kwachilengedwe ndi kochita kupanga. Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zake, gwiritsani ntchito chandelier yayikulu pakati padenga ndikuwunika m'malo ena. Nyali zimamangidwanso mozungulira malo osunthira komanso m'makoma, oyatsira magalasi owala, nsapato, mashelufu.
Okonza amalangiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nyali zapansi m'zipinda zazikulu zovalira. Kwa masitoreti ang'onoang'ono, nyali zopangira zovala ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri. Zida zotere ndizosavuta kuchotsa ndikusunthira kumalo aliwonse osankhidwa.
Gulu la malo amkati
Chisankho chodzaza chipinda chovekedwa chimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwake. Kwa malo ang'onoang'ono, zingwe zopapatiza, zazitali ndizoyenera. Reiki, mezzanines, mashelufu oyendera mafoni azikhala oyenera. Kuti patapita kanthawi simuyenera kuwonjezera chipinda chochezera ndikuonjezerapo mipando, muyenera kuwerengera nthawi yomweyo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe banja limagwiritsa ntchito.
M'chipinda chovekera cha kukula kulikonse, m'pofunika kupereka alumali yazitsulo ndi chipinda chachitsulo. Zipangizo zotere sizitenga malo pang'ono, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wabwino uzikhala wabwino pazinthu zansalu, mabasiketi oluka, zotengera pulasitiki zotseguka, ndi maukonde a nsalu ayenera kukonzekera kusungidwa.
Zipinda zazikulu zosinthira zimadzazidwa ndi zovala zodzaza ndi mashelufu ambiri ndi ma ninja. Komanso, bokosi la otungira, tebulo, mahatchi kapena benchi pakhomo limatha kulowa mchipinda chimodzi. Malo otseguka amapangitsa chipinda chochezera kukhala chokulirapo komanso chokulirapo.
Gulu la chipinda chovekera m'chipinda chogona chaching'ono
Kupanga mapulojekiti m'malo otsekedwa kumakhala kovuta. Posankha kudzazidwa ndi mawonekedwe, ndikofunikira kumanga pamlingo woyenera chipinda choyamba. Kenako gawo loyenera limasankhidwa. Pofuna kuti chipinda chaching'ono chisamamveke komanso chosakanikirana, ndibwino kukonza chipinda chovekera pakhoma limodzi. Njirayi ndi yoyenera makamaka m'chipinda chogona. Kuchepetsa malo mbali imodzi kumapangitsa chipinda chazitali.
Kapangidwe konseko, limodzi ndi kudzazidwa, kumatha kubisika kuseri kwa chophimba kapena magawano. Khomo likaperekedwa, liyenera kukhala locheperako komanso lopangidwa ndi zinthu zotayirira, monga pulasitiki. Zithunzi za mawonekedwe a accordion, coupe ndi zina zotsegula ndizoyenera.
Chipinda chovala m'chipinda chogona cha Khrushchev
Nyumba zazing'ono zomangidwa m'ma 60s zilibe malo okwanira. Zidzakhala zovuta kuyala bedi lalikulu m'chipinda chogona komanso mipando yocheperako. Ndicho chifukwa chake eni malo oterewa nthawi zambiri amaganiza zokhazikitsa chipinda chosinthira mchipinda chosangalatsira.
Nthawi zambiri ku Khrushchev, kusungira zinthu kumapangidwa kuchokera kuzipinda zosungira. Izi ndizotheka ngati chipinda chaching'ono chili pafupi ndi chipinda chogona. Pali malingaliro ambiri pakapangidwe kabwino ka mkati ka chipinda chovala chaching'ono choterocho. Mutha kungochotsa zitseko ndikutulutsa zomwe zili panja pang'ono.
Momwe mungapangire chipinda chovala chowumitsira ndi manja anu
M'chipinda choterocho mumakhala malo okwanira osasunga zovala zanu zokha. Padzakhala nsalu yogona, bolodi, chitsulo, chotsukira chotsuka ndi zida zina zapakhomo. Ndi bwino kupanga chipinda choyikapo zinthu kuchokera pazowuma. Ndi yamphamvu mokwanira kuthandizira kulemera kwa mashelufu ndi zovala.
Choyamba, ntchito yoti azivala mtsogolo imapangidwa, madera omwe amafunika kutchinga amadziwika. Kenako, malinga ndi zojambulazo, zolemba zimasamutsidwa kukhoma. Chotsatira ndikukhazikitsa chimango ndikuyika mawaya amagetsi. Kuti dongosololi liziwoneka bwino, liyenera kuthiridwa ndi pulasitala.
Kutsiliza
Eni ake azinyumba zazing'ono komanso nyumba zazing'ono amalota chipinda chovala m'chipinda chogona. Yankho lamkati lotere limalola osati kungosungitsa kusungika kwa zinthu, komanso kupangira zida m'chipinda chogona komanso zamakono. Mutha kupanga zovala yosavuta ndi manja anu, popeza mudaphunzira kale ntchito za opanga.
