Zitsanzo zoyambirira zojambula pakhoma ndizojambula zamiyala zam'nthawi ya Neolithic. Ngakhale anali ndi moyo wosakhazikika, munthu adalimbikira osati kungotenga zomwe adamuwona, koma kuti azipanga zithunzizi kukhala zokongoletsera nyumba yake. Panali mitundu inayi yokha pamaziko amtundu uliwonse, inki zake zomwe zimatha kupezeka pokhapokha pokonza zinthu zachilengedwe. Iwo makamaka amawonetsa kusaka, chifukwa njirayi idatenga gawo la mkango nthawi ya munthu wakale ndipo idakhala tanthauzo la moyo wake. Palinso zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zoyambirirako kale: zolemba pamanja zosasunthika pazinyumba ndi makoma, ndikupanga zojambulajambula. Munthu adasintha, ndipo anali ndi luso lojambula. Aigupto wakale adakhala "mchikuta" weniweni wamtunduwu. Zojambulazo zidachitidwa mwanjira ya laconic, yomwe idalipidwa chifukwa cha kukongola kwa nyumba zomwe adakongoletsa. Aigupto anali anthu ogwira ntchito molimbika komanso osamalitsa. Zinsinsi za nyimbo zojambula ndi zoyambira za sayansiyi zidasungidwa mosamala ndikupatsira mibadwo yamtsogolo. Munthu wapakati wazithunzi zojambulidwa pakhoma anali munthu kapena mulungu mwa mawonekedwe ake. Omalizawa adasiyanitsidwa ndi anthu wamba mitu yazinyama ndi zida zina zomwe zidathandiza kukwaniritsa ntchito yawo (nthenga ya Maat, ndodo ya Anubis yokhala ndi khungu la galu).
Cholinga chachikulu chojambula makoma chinali ubale pakati pa milungu ndi anthu, komanso zochitika zankhondo. Mbali yatsiku ndi tsiku yamoyo sinkagwirizana ndi zojambula zapamwamba za Aiguputo akale. Ngati amawonetsedwa, zimangochitika mwamwambo chabe. Ku Roma wakale ndi ku Greece, zojambula zambiri zachilendo zidayamba kupangidwa. Milungu inali ndi mawonekedwe amunthu kwathunthu, ndipo moyo watsiku ndi tsiku udayamba kutchulidwa kambiri. Zithunzi zojambulidwa zimawoneka zophatikiza kujambula ndi chosema. Zojambula pakhoma mkati mwake zidayamba kuwonekera pafupipafupi m'nyumba za anthu olemera. Nthawi yomweyo, zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito zikwangwani, zomwe zimapereka mawonekedwe azakudya zamakono komanso malo ena pagulu. Mu Middle Ages, kupenta kwa tchalitchi kunayamba kukula. Zokongoletsa mkati mwa akachisi ndi ma cathedral zimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwake komanso tsatanetsatane. Masiku ano, makoma opakidwa utoto samakonda kukongoletsa mkati mwa zipinda m'nyumba wamba. Izi zidapangidwa atatha kusindikiza zithunzi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zithunzithunzi zizikhala ndi zithunzi zilizonse. Anthu ambiri amaganiza molakwika kuti ndi akatswiri okha omwe angathe kuthana ndi mayankho apazokha, ndipo izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi zina zowonjezera. M'malo mwake, ngakhale wopanga kumene amatha kudziyimira pawokha pazoyipazi. Pomaliza, pali ma templates omwe amapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta. Tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsetsa zovuta za njirayi ndikusankha njira yabwino yoyambira.
Tekinoloje ndi mawonekedwe ojambula pakhoma mkatikati
Mothandizidwa ndiukadaulo wamakono, anthu aphunzira kutsanzira zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali ndikusintha ntchito yolemetsa ndi ntchito yofulumira yochitidwa ndi makina. Zokongoletsera zimapezeka, monga lamulo, wamba, losindikizidwa. Pofuna kuti asakumane ndi kapangidwe kofananira m'nyumba ya mnansi, zokongoletsa pamakoma ambiri zimapangidwa ndi manja awo. Zachidziwikire, izi zimatenga nthawi ndipo zidzafunika ndalama zina ndi ntchito, koma mkati mwake mudzakhala kwapadera, kwa olemba. Ndiye kuti, m'zipinda mazana mazana zokongoletsedwa moyenera, nyumba yanu idzakhala chilumba chachilendo. Zojambulajambula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mchipinda chilichonse, ndizapadziko lonse lapansi. Popeza kulibe malire pamaganizidwe a anthu, njirayi imatseguliranso mwayi kwa wopanga. Chojambulacho, chopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, chikuwoneka chachilengedwe komanso chopepuka. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito "kubwereza" ma geometry olakwika mchipinda. Ndi mitundu yoyenera yamitundu, kupenta kumatha kukulitsa malowa. Kukula ndi zoletsa zamachitidwe zimayikidwa ndi inu nokha. Mwachilengedwe, chinthuchi chidzakhala pakati pachithunzi chokongoletsera, chifukwa chake palibe chamkati chomwe chidzalekerere kubera. Komabe, ndikofunikira kusunga muyeso ngakhale mu zokongoletsa zokongolazi. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndikupanga khoma limodzi lamalankhulidwe mchipinda. Pamwamba pake pamafunika kukonzekera bwino isanakwane ntchito.
Kukonzekera khoma lojambula mkati
Gawo lokonzekera lapadziko lonse lapansi limagawika magawo angapo:
- Kuchotsa chovala chakale;
- Kuphimba mipata ndi kulumikiza zolakwika. Kuchepetsa ndi kupaka pulasitala;
- Priming pambuyo kuyanika pamwamba. Mzerewu umapereka kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa utoto ndi khoma;
- Kukhazikika komaliza ndi putty ndi zina zowonjezera.
Khoma litauma, likhala lokonzekera kukonzekera.
Kulimbitsa pulasitala, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mauna olimbikitsira.
Zojambula zojambula pakhoma mkatikati
Pakujambula pakhoma, mitundu ingapo ya utoto imagwiritsidwa ntchito, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi kapangidwe kamene kamatsimikizira mawonekedwe a chinthucho. Atha masiku omwe ojambula adasankha osakanikirana ndi mitundu yawo, ndipo maphikidwe adatetezedwa mosamala ku zovuta za ochita nawo zaluso. Kotero, mitundu yotsatira ya utoto imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenta:
- Mafuta, kumene binder ndi linseed mafuta, mafuta. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono chimazirala m'mbuyomu, popeza kugwira nawo ntchito kumafunikira maluso ena. Njira yowasakanikiranso siyothandiza kwa aliyense. Pamwamba, mafuta "azikhala" pang'ono kuposa anzawo amakono. Chifukwa cha izi ndi mchere wa laimu ndi zamchere, womwe umapezeka pamakoma. Amaphwanya mafuta pakapita nthawi. Utoto sakonda zipinda zamdima ndipo umasanduka wachikasu popanda kuwala, koma umakwanira bwino pamatabwa. Ubwino waukulu wamafutawo ndi nthawi yayitali yoyanika. Popeza kuti izi zimatenga masiku angapo, wojambulayo amatha kusintha zojambulazo ngati kuli kofunikira.
- Tempera (binder - emulsions). Utoto umauma mwachangu, ndipo zigawo zingapo zimakupatsani mwayi wopanga volumetric. Tempera ikulimbikitsidwa kupukutidwa pamwamba kuti mupeze mithunzi yakuya. Yotsirizira, mwa njira, pambuyo kuyanika, kuwala pang'ono.
- Acrylic (binder - resins akiliriki). Zinthu zamakono zomwe ndizotchuka. Utoto umauma mwachangu, mulibe mankhwala opangira zomwe zimapangika ndikupanga kanema wolimba padziko. Zikuwoneka ngati "kutumphuka" koteteza pulasitiki. Acrylic samawopa kuwala kapena kupezeka kwake. Ngati utoto ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, ndiye kuti zojambulazo zizikhala zaka zosachepera 10-15. Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe ochiritsira, fluorescent, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amapangitsanso peellescent kapena metallized acrylic.
Musanagule utoto wokwera mtengo, mverani upangiri wa akatswiri pazomwe angasankhe. Mwachitsanzo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiyambe ndi akiliriki, ndikuchita pa gouache, yomwe ikufanana ndi iyo pantchito.
Musaiwale kupeza maburashi. Adzafunika kuti apange zojambula zilizonse, kupatula zojambulidwa. Tikulimbikitsidwa kulipira kwambiri maburashi a pony kapena agologolo popeza ndi ofewa ndipo samasiya tsitsi lotayirira pamwamba. Zoyikirazo ziyenera kukhala ndi zida za makulidwe osiyanasiyana kuti apange zinthu zina payekha.
Njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga khoma
Chojambulacho chikhoza kupangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri komanso zothandiza:
- Fresco ndi alsecco pafupi nayo;
- Kujambula kwa volumetric (kofanana ndi bas-relief) ndi sgraffito;
- Kusuntha;
- Zojambula zojambula ndi akiliriki wonyezimira;
- Grisaille. Idzakhala ndi luso lapamwamba, chifukwa imagwiridwa ndi utoto umodzi. Njirayi ndi yofanana ndi zithunzi.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito stencils iyenera kudziwika padera. Njirayi ndi yabwino kwa oyamba kumene omwe sadzidalira pamaluso awo ndipo amawopa kuyika kaye khoma lokonzekera.
Kupukusa mpweya
Mwa njirayi, kabulashi kanyumba kamagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa maburashi ndi utoto. Imapopera zomwe zili pamwamba, ngakhale dzina lake limamasuliridwa kuti "kujambula mpweya". Utoto wa airbrushing umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi ufa, koma osungunuka madzi osakanikirana ndiotchuka kwambiri. Zolembedwazo zili paliponse, ngakhale pazithunzi. Muyenera kugwira ntchito yopumira. Ndi ochepa okha omwe angadziwe njirayi kuchokera ku "zilch" yoyamba. Musanajambula, muyenera kuyeserera kuti muzolowere njira yachilendo. Airbrush imakupatsani mwayi kuti mujambula zinthu zazing'ono kwambiri, potero zimapereka tsatanetsatane wazithunzi. Mwa njira, ngakhale ojambula akale omwe amapaka utoto kuchokera kumachubu wapadera anali ndi njira yofananira.
Fresco
Njira ya fresco yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa mkati kuyambira Middle Ages. Chofunika cha njirayi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito utoto ku pulasitala wosawuma. Lili ndi laimu, yomwe imapanga kanema wamphamvu wa calcium pamwamba pake. Chosavuta cha njirayi ndikufunika kugwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito kwa akatswiri ojambula omwe akungodziwa luso lojambula. Zojambula zosungunuka m'madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Alsecco ali ngati fresco. Zojambulazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo owuma kale, koma osungunuka kumene.
Kujambula ndi utoto wa fulorosenti
Utoto wa fulorosenti umakhala ndi mawonekedwe owala amdima. Gwiritsani ntchito zowonekera kapena zowoneka bwino. Masiku oyamba nthawi zambiri sawoneka komanso kujambula. Makaka masana amawoneka ngati utoto wamba womwe utoto udapangidwa nawo, ndipo usiku amasintha makoma ndi chowala chosangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri, zojambula zopangidwa ndi akiliriki kapena tempera zimakongoletsedwa ndi nyimbo za fulorosenti. Amawunikiranso zomveka bwino. Kapangidwe ka fulorosenti ndiyotetezeka mwamtheradi kwa anthu, siyimatulutsa zinthu zapoizoni. Zojambula zoterezi zimalimbikitsidwa kuwonetsa malo osavuta popanda zambiri zazing'ono.
Kupaka volumetric
Njira yama volumetric imaphatikiza zojambula ndi kujambula. Choyamba, pulasitala kapena pulasitala amathiridwa kumtunda wokonzedweratu. Makina opukutidwa amapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zosafunda. Kenako, atayanika, "stucco" ndi utoto. Palinso njira ina yotchedwa sgraffito. Poyambirira kuchokera ku Italy. Magawo angapo a pulasitala wachikuda amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana kukhoma. Zikauma, zimayamba kukanda chitsanzocho ndi chida chapadera. Zotsatira zake ndi chithunzi chotsitsimutsa, chomwe, monga zikuwonetsera, chidzatha kuposa chaka chimodzi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito stencils
Stencils ndi omwe amathandiza kwambiri nthawi yomwe malingaliro amakopa malo osangalatsa, ndipo manja awo sangathe kuwabwereza. Komanso, chipangizocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakafunika kuwonetsa zinthu zambiri zamtundu womwewo kuti muchepetse nthawi yogwira ntchito. Stencils nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki. Mbale zimatsukidwa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zakonzeka kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Utoto ndi utoto akiliriki
Acrylic amadziwika kuti ndi nkhani yabwino kwambiri kwa okongoletsa novice. Mtundu wake "assortment" ndi wolemera, ndipo kapangidwe kake ndi kotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu. Acrylic amatha kutsukidwa, ngati kuli kofunikira, ngati mukufuna kukhudza tsatanetsatane wa chithunzicho. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mutayamba kudzaza dzanja lanu, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo kuti mukulitse luso lanu.
Kusankha kachitidwe
Chojambulacho chikuyenera kufanana ndi yankho la kalembedwe ndi utoto wachipindacho. Makamaka amaperekedwa kumalo ake. Lingaliro lazamkati lonse limadalira kuti ndi khoma liti lomwe lidzatchulidwe. Pamwambapa pamakhala zojambula ndi utsi pakhoma la njerwa. Kujambula kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokomera mpweya. Mtundu wachikondi wa Provence umakonda zokongoletsa zazomera. Maluwa a maluwa akutchire, peonies, maluwa, maluwa adzakhala abwino kwambiri kuwonjezera mkati mwa dziko la French hinterland. Art Nouveau nthawi zambiri amabwereza zojambulajambula, zomwe nthawi ina zimakongoletsa zikwangwani za azimayi komanso ma salon apamwamba m'njira yofananira ndi kalembedwe. Chojambula chodabwitsa cha Art Deco chimakonda mapangidwe abwino ndi mawonekedwe okongoletsa. Mitundu yaku Japan ndi minimalism yoyandikira pafupi ndi mzimu imalola kujambula mokomera dziko lakwawo: ma orchid, ma pagodas, nthambi za sakura. Palibe zoletsa kutengera mafuko. Ngati mkati mukutsanzira bungalow kumadera otentha, ndiye kuti zithunzi za m'nyanja ndi mitengo ya kanjedza zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri, koma pazithunzi zaku Africa pazojambulazo amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yokhala ndi akorona, njovu, malo "ouma". Kuphatikiza pa kalembedwe, cholinga chantchito ya chipindachi chiyeneranso kuganiziridwa.
Pabalaza
Pabalaza, penti nthawi zambiri amakonza zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, chipinda chaching'ono, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kujambula ndi mawonekedwe: njira, masitepe kapena njira zomwe zimapita kutali kwambiri. Kujambula kumatha kusintha kukhazikitsidwa kwa zipilala kapena ma pilasters, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumapangitsanso kapangidwe kake. Malo ozimitsira moto ndi malo osangalatsa a holo iliyonse. Sikuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zotheka kutsanzira, osatinso zoyambirira. Chojambulidwa pakhoma chomwe chili ndi malawi enieni chidzakhala chowonjezera chamkati.
Kuchipinda
Chipinda chogona chimangogwiritsa ntchito kupumula, chifukwa chake mipando iliyonse mchipinda chino iyenera kupangidwira kupumula komanso kupumula. Zolinga zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala pachithunzicho. Mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe am'madzi am'madzi, udzu wobiriwira wobiriwira kapena mitu yamaluwa owala zidzakuthandizani kukhazikika ndikukonzekera kugona mokwanira. Iwo amajambula, monga lamulo, khoma pamwamba pa mutu wa bedi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri limakhala lomveka. M'chipinda chimodzimodzi, kudenga nthawi zambiri kumakongoletsedwanso chimodzimodzi. Sitikulangizidwa kuti musinthe malankhulidwe amdima, omwe angapangitse kuti chipindacho chikhale chowoneka chaching'ono ndipo chimaumiriza mwamphamvu kwa eni ake.
Mu nazale
M'zipinda za ana, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizipaka utoto wa fulorosenti. Chovala chotere "chowala" chimapanga nthano zenizeni mchipinda. Zithunzi zokhala ndi zolinga zamlengalenga ndizoyenera mnyamatayo. Malo owoneka bwino kwambiri amapangidwira msungwanayo: mkati mwa nyumba zachifumu, malo amatsenga. Kujambula kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito posankha malo. Pangodya yowerengera ndikuwerenga mutha kukongoletsa ndi chojambula chosonyeza mitengo ya "nzeru" yokhala ndi mabuku pamashelefu. Pangani zomveka pamitundu yofewa, yabata. Poto wopanda pake wa mitundu yowala sangakuthandizeni kugona kapena kuphunzira.
M'khitchini
M'khitchini, malo odyera nthawi zambiri amakongoletsedwa ndi utoto. Amawonetsera zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa mchipinda chino: mbale, mkate, maswiti, makapu a khofi kapena tiyi, zonunkhira. Zithunzi zokometsera zokhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso "zowutsa mudyo" zamoyo ziziwoneka ngati zachilengedwe pano. M'makhitchini ang'onoang'ono, kujambula kuyenera kuwulula malowa, ndikupanga chinyengo chazithunzi zitatu. Zithunzi za masitepe aku France, misewu yaukhondo yaku Italiya, malo owoneka bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kutalikitsa moyo wa utoto, sikulimbikitsidwa kuyika mawu apafupi ndi chitofu kapena lakuya. Malo oterewa adzawononga msanga malo okongoletsera.
Kutsiliza
Kujambula ndi imodzi mwa njira zakale kwambiri zokongoletsera. Zakhala zikukwaniritsidwa mzaka zambiri zapitazi. Njira yovuta yachitukuko idayambira pazithunzi zakale za amuna osakidwa ndipo zidatsogolera kuzithunzi zapamwamba zomwe zimakongoletsa zipinda za Sistine Chapel. Zikumbutso zaluso ngati izi zidapangidwa kwazaka zambiri.Tsopano zida zonse zofunikira ndi nyimbo zitha kugulidwa zokonzedwa, ndipo zonse zomwe zikufunika kuchokera kwa waluso ndi kuleza mtima ndi luso. Dzilimbitseni nawo kuti mupange chojambula chapadera mkati mwanu, chomwe chikhala chizindikiro chodzipangira nokha komanso chonyadira wolemba.
