Masitepe ndi chinthu chachilendo pabalaza. M'nyumba zodziwika bwino (makamaka zamagulu), mulibe nyumba zazithunzithunzi ziwiri, chifukwa chake masitepe m'nyumba yanyumba nthawi zambiri amapezeka mnyumba zazing'ono. Izi zimayenera kulowa mkati mnyumba monse, kwinaku zikugwira ntchito moyenera. Zitha kukhala pabalaza ngati chipinda ndikokwanira. Apo ayi, ndi bwino kukhazikitsa nyumbayi m'holo yayikulu. Makwerero ayenera kukhala omasuka komanso okhazikika. Kupatula pomwe pali chipinda chosungiramo chipinda chachiwiri pamwamba pa chipinda chochezera ndi pakhonde, zomwe sizimalowa kawirikawiri. Kenako masitepewo amatha kungokongoletsa. Komabe, ngati banja liri ndi ana ang'onoang'ono, ndiye kuti mukufunikirabe kusamalira masitepe ndi chitetezo cha njanji. Chipinda chokhala ndi masitepe chimakhala chowoneka bwino komanso chosangalatsa, chifukwa sichiyenera kubisika.
Zomwe zili mkati mwa chipinda chochezera ndi masitepe
M'kati mwa chipinda chochezera chomwe chili ndi masitepe akuyenera kukonzedweratu. Ntchito yomangayi iyenera kuphatikizidwa pakupanga gawo loyamba la chitukuko. Malo oti akhazikitsire ayenera kusankhidwa poganizira ergonomics kuti masitepewo asasokoneze magwiridwe antchito mchipindacho. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kukonzekeretsa khitchini yaying'ono, ofesi, bafa kapena zovala pansi pake. Kuphatikiza apo, chipinda chaching'ono chimakhala ndi chitseko komanso chokhoma ndi kiyi. Ngati mungafune, imasandulika malo osewerera osangalatsa a ana omwe ali ndi ma ottomans ofewa ndimitundu yambiri. Koma danga ili limatha kumasulidwa kwaulere. Yankho ili lipangitsa chipinda chochezera kukhala chachikulu komanso chowala. Nyumba zoterezi zimayikidwa osati pafupi ndi makoma okha, komanso pakati pa chipindacho, chomwe chikuwoneka chachikale komanso chamakono. Nthawi yomweyo, mutha kuvala m'mbali mwa masitepewo:
- miphika ikuluikulu yamaluwa;
- nyali zokongola pansi;
- buku poyimitsa, etc.
Ubwino
Masitepe ndiwowonjezera koyambirira kokongoletsa chipinda. Nyumbayi itha kuwunikira bwino malingaliro amalingaliro. Masitepe oyenda bwino amapangitsa chipinda chochezera kukhala chapamwamba kwambiri, komanso mamangidwe osangalatsa a masitepe achitsulo, ngati kuti akuuluka mlengalenga, akugogomezeranso mawonekedwe amtsogolo ndi apant-garde amkati. Kuti apatse mawonekedwe amkati, akatswiri amalangiza kusewera ndi kuyatsa. Mwachitsanzo, kuyika kuwunikira kwamtundu wina pagawo lililonse. Kukhalapo kwa masitepe m'chipinda chochezera kumakulitsa mwayi wokongoletsa chipinda. Masitepe amawonekera amawonekera m'chipindacho ndikulumikiza chipinda choyamba ndi chachiwiri. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti zinthu zikuluzikulu zigwirizane mkati: zitha kukhazikitsidwa pansi pake osataya magwiridwe antchito.
Zovuta
Kukhala ndi masitepe m'chipinda chochezera kuli ndi zovuta zake. Choyamba, chipinda chino chimangodutsamo. Sizingatheke kupuma pantchito kapena kukhala chete ndi anzanu. Ngati masitepe amodzi okha amatsogolera ku chipinda chachiwiri, ndipo adzakhala m'chipinda chochezera, ndiye kuti sizingatheke kutsika osadziwika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati m'modzi wa abalewo sakufuna kulumikizana ndi alendowo. Chachiwiri, chifukwa chakapangidwe kameneka, kutchinjiriza kwa chipinda mchipinda kumachepa kwambiri. Phokoso lonse kuchokera pa chipinda chachiwiri lidzamveka pabalaza. Chachitatu, chipinda chochezera ndi chodziwikiratu cha nyumbayo, motero mwamakongoletsedwe amakhala okongola komanso olemera kuposa zipinda zina. Masitepe pabalaza ayenera kufanana ndi mkati mwake, chifukwa chake amayenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zokwera mtengo. Ngati ili pakhonde, ndiye kuti mutha kupulumutsa pazokongoletsa.
Zofunikira paukadaulo
Zofunikira zina zamakono zimayikidwa pamakwerero omwe adayikidwa pabalaza.
Mukakhazikitsa nyumbazi, wina ayenera kutsogozedwa ndi zikhalidwe za SNiPs ndi zofunikira za GOST. Makwerero akuyenera kukhala omasuka komanso otetezeka. Malinga ndi GOST, mawonekedwe ake amayenera kukhala pakati pa madigiri 26 mpaka 45, ndipo pazomangira zomata mtengo wofunikira kwambiri wa mbaliyo ndi madigiri 35. GOST imatsimikizira kukula kwa masitepe. Masitepewo ayenera kukhala ofanana kukula. M'lifupi mwake zimadalira zokonda zanu, koma sizoyenera kupanga masentimita 60. Kutembenuka kwa ndege, mtengowu uyenera kukhala pafupifupi 70-80 masentimita, komanso ndege wamba, mita, koma m'malo amalo okhala awiri kapena nyumba zazing'ono, masitepe oyenda akhoza kukhala ndi mayendedwe m'lifupi Masentimita 80. Paulendo umodzi payenera kukhala osachepera 3 komanso osadutsa masitepe 16, otsiriza ndi nsanja. Njanji zakonzedwa kale. Zitsulo ndi zozungulira zimapangidwa poganizira kapangidwe kake ndi kagawo kakang'ono.
Njira zamalo
Masitepe m'chipinda chochezera amatha kupezeka paliponse m'chipindacho, koma ndibwino kuti muzilingalira zokonda zanu, kapangidwe kake kosankhidwa, kapangidwe kake ndi chipinda chochezera posankha malo ake. Kuti muchepetse kuzindikira kwa chipinda chochezera ngati chipinda chochezera, masitepe amakwera pakhomo pomwepo. Ngati mukufuna kuyika chipinda, ndiye kuti mutha kuyika pakati pa chipindacho. Ndibwino kuyika makwerero opanda njanji kapena osalondera pang'ono pafupi ndi khoma komanso kutali ndi zida zamoto (ngati zilipo) kuti muchepetse kuvulala. Masitepe sayenera "kudya" malo omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena kudutsamo zinthu zofunika (mwachitsanzo, poyatsira moto wamba kapena poyatsira magetsi). Iyenera kukhazikitsidwa mwanjira yoti pakhale malo okwanira okwanira pamwamba pamutu wa amene akukwera (pafupifupi 2 mita). Ngati kuli kotheka, nyumbayi iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi zenera kuti ipereke kuwala kowoneka bwino.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo pansi pamakwerero
Musanakonze danga pansi pamakwerero, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe kulumikizana kofunikira pamenepo. Ngati alipo, ndiye kuti ayenera kuphimbidwa mosamala ndi china (mwachitsanzo, zowuma) ndikusindikizidwa ndi zoteteza mawu. Pansi pa masitepe, mutha kukonza chipinda chosungiramo zonse, ngodya yazipangizo zapakhomo (ikani makina ochapira ndi chotsukira mbale), zovala, malo osungira chakudya, chipinda chaching'ono cha vinyo, bafa yowonjezera kapena ofesi. Pali zosankha zingapo pamalopo. Muyenera kuganizira zosowa za abale anu komanso kalembedwe ka chipinda chochezera. Panjira yomwe ili pansi pa masitepewo, mutha kukonzekera bedi lina la alendo okhala ndi bedi lokoka kapena kukhazikitsa khitchini yaying'ono yopanda chitofu cha gasi ngati pabalaza palimodzi ndi khitchini.
Momwe mungasankhire
Masitepe atha kukhala poyang'ana mchipinda, koma akuyenera kufanana ndi mawonekedwe amchipindacho. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kusankha pasadakhale mtundu wamkati wazokongoletsera pabalaza. Muyenera kuyesa kulumikiza zipinda zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri pansi pamachitidwe pogwiritsa ntchito masitepewo. Masitepe ang'onoang'ono ophatikizika omwe amatenga malo pang'ono mchipindacho ndi oyenera pabalaza. Nyumba zazikuluzikulu zidzafika panjira. Zomwe zimasankhidwa zimatengera kapangidwe ka chipinda. Masitepe oyeserera masitayelo achikale nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi matabwa kapena chitsulo. Masitepe obwezeretsa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe. Zolinga zamkati zamkati zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa masitepe amitengo yokha. Kwa masitayilo apamwamba, masitepe achitsulo ndioyenera.
Mwa kukonza ndi kumanga
Pali mitundu yambiri yamakwerero ndi mitundu yazokonzekera kwa iwo. Monga muyezo, masitepe amakhala ndi njanji, masitepe, zothandizira pakati, zomangira ndi zinthu zina. Ma Guardrails amapereka chitetezo, koma mwina sangakhale gawo la kapangidwe kake. Zojambula zotere zimawoneka zosangalatsa, koma sizoyenera nyumba zomwe zili ndi ana ang'onoang'ono kapena opuma pantchito. Makwerero nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nsanja. Ayenera kukhazikitsidwa ngati pali achikulire m'banjamo, ndizosavuta. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wa masitepe ndi kulumikiza kumatsimikiziridwa ndi dera la chipinda, kutalika kwa kudenga, mawonekedwe apachipinda ndi zinthu zomwe masitepewo adzapangidwe. Zinthu zothandizira kapangidwe kake ziyenera kukhala zamphamvu momwe zingathere ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za GOST ndi SNiPs. Masitepewo ayenera kukhala olimba komanso ogwira ntchito, pokhapokha - wokongola komanso wowoneka bwino.
Zomangamanga
Masitepe oyenda olunjika amawerengedwa kuti ndiosavuta kupanga, chifukwa chake ndi omwe amapangidwa m'nyumba za anthu. Zimakwanira bwino mkati mwake. Masitepe oyenda mozungulira osazungulira omwe ali ndi masitepe oyenda mbali imodzi kapena mbali zonse zimayikidwa pomwe ndizosatheka kukhazikitsa masitepe wamba owongoka, chifukwa chake muyenera kusintha pang'ono. Izi ndizofanana m'zipinda zazing'ono. Masitepe owongoka omwe amafika kapena omanga okhala ndi masitepe othamangitsira ndikufika amaikidwa m'nyumba zokhala ndi kudenga. Masitepe oyendetsa ndege zowongoka ziwiri kapena atatu, okhala ndi ndege zofananira ndi nsanja (kapena ziwiri) pakati pawo, amakhazikitsidwanso m'nyumba zokhala ndi zotchingira zazitali kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera m'chipindacho. Kapangidwe kamtundu wa L nthawi zonse kamakhala kukhoma pampanda kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri.
Makwerero ozungulira, omata, ozungulira ndi ena okhala ndi masitepe oyimitsira amaikidwa kuti apange ergonomics yomveka ndikupatsanso chipinda chokha.
Mapiri
Pali mitundu ingapo yamakwerero yokonzekera. Kosoura ndi njira yolumikizira. Ndiwo, zodulidwazo zimapangidwa pamitengo ngati chisa chopondera ndi kukwera. Mwa iwo kuchokera mbali mutha kuwona kutha kwa sitepe, ngati siyikutidwa ndi mapanelo. Chingwe cholumikizira ndi njira yolumikizira, momwe zimapangidwira muzitsulo zochirikiza masitepe ochokera mkati. Poterepa, nkhope yomaliza ya masitepe imatsekedwa mwakhungu. Ma Bolts ndi mapiri apadera amakwerero opanda pake. M'malo mwake, ma bolts ndi ma bolt akulu achitsulo pakhoma omwe amagwirizira masitepe. Mabotolo amawoneka osadalirika, koma amatha kuthandizira matani 1.5! M'makwerero oyenda masitepe, nsanamira zolimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, chopangidwa ndi mipope yolimba yolimba yazitali yokhala ndi masentimita 5. Amakwezedwa mosakhazikika popanda malo otsetsereka.
Zakuthupi
Zomangamanga zamagalasi zimakwanira bwino masitaelo a avant-garde, ndipo masitepe achitsulo amakhala abwino kwaukadaulo wapamwamba. Zitsulo ndizolimba kwambiri, zodalirika komanso zotsika mtengo. Mitengo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi muzojambula zilizonse. Imalimbikitsa malo aliwonse, ndikupatsa chisangalalo. Masiku ano, masitepe olimba a oak, beech, phulusa kapena larch ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa eni nyumba. Masitepe a konkriti nawonso ndi otchuka chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yawo yozimitsa moto komanso kuthekera kwawo kupirira katundu wolemera. Koma ndizoyenera nyumba zomwe zili ndi makoma olimba (osapangidwa ndi matabwa!) konkire imalemera kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri masitepe awa amakhala matailosi a ceramic. Masitepe opangidwa ndi miyala amakhala ndi mawonekedwe olimba. Masitepe achilengedwe amwala amawoneka okongola, koma ndiokwera mtengo, ndipo miyala yokumba imatha kuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa. Zipangizo zonsezi zitha kuphatikizidwa bwino.
Mitundu ya masitepe
Kusankha kwamasitepe amtunduwu kumachitika chifukwa cha holoyo komanso zomwe eni nyumba amakonda. Masitepe onse atha kugawidwa m'mayendedwe owongoka, opindika, opindika ndi zomangira. Masitepe oyenda molunjika ndi mapangidwe osavuta odziwika ndi masitepe, njanji ndi malo olowera. Masitepe okhota amatha kukhala ndi radii imodzi kapena zingapo. Zomangira ndizokhotakhota zopangidwa ndi masitepe, njanji ndi zomangira zachitsulo - nsanamira. Ngati pali masitepe oyenda mozungulira, ndiye kuti muyenera kukhazikitsa masitepe oyenda, chifukwa zojambula zauzimu sizoyenera kunyamula zinthu zolemera (mwachitsanzo mipando). Makwerero pamakona ndi mapangidwe amakono momwe masitepe ndi njanji amalumikizidwa molunjika kukhoma pogwiritsa ntchito ma bolts achitsulo.
Mapangidwe ndi masitaelo
Mapangidwe aliwonse ali ndi njira yake yopangira masitepe. Kalembedwe ka Aiguputo kakuyesa kuti panali zokongoletsa zoyambirira, zachi Greek zimakopa ndi kamangidwe kakang'ono kameneka, ndipo wachiroma umakongola kwambiri. Masitepe mumayendedwe achiroma ndi achikale ndi ma laconic, pomwe mu Gothic ndi mitundu yachilendo ya mitundu yowala ndi mdima. Masitepe aku India ndi okongola, pomwe achi Japan (monga masitepe ocheperako) ndiosavuta komanso ogwira ntchito. Zojambula mu Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Art Deco kapena Empire masitayilo ndi ovuta komanso apamwamba kwambiri.
Masitepe a Art Nouveau amadziwika ndi njira zingapo komanso kulimba. Nyimbo za mdziko zimakondweretsa kuphweka ndi chitonthozo. Provence akuwonetsa mithunzi yopepuka ndi maluwa okongola. Masitepe oyendetsera masitayelo amtundu wa constructivism amadziwika ndi ma geometry osavuta komanso kupezeka kwa turntable. Zapamwamba zimadziwika ndi kupanga zinthu zonse. Ndipo masitepe oyenda ngati kitsch amakhala ndi zinthu zosayenera ndi zida.
Kuyatsa
Magetsi onse amakwerero ayenera kukhala otetezeka kuti azigwiritsa ntchito momwe zingathere. Kuunikira kumatha kukhala kudenga, khoma, kwanuko komanso kukongoletsa. Ndi kuyatsa kudenga, chandeliers kapena osayimitsidwa amapachikidwa pamwamba pamakwerero. Njirayi ndi yabwino kuzipinda zamkati. Komanso, masitepe amatha kuwunikiridwa ndimakoma akumakoma. Imeneyi ndi njira yosavuta yowunikira. Kuunikira kwanuko kumadziwika ndi kuwunikira kwa magawo onse a masitepe (mwachitsanzo, kuguba kapena kutsika). Pazinthu izi, mutha kutenga ma halogen kapena ma diode nyali ophatikizidwa ndi Smart Home system. Ndiye kuti, zimawala munthu akaponda. Kuunikira kokongoletsa kumafunika kuti pakhale malo ena m'nyumba. Kuphatikiza pa kuyatsa kwakukulu ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayatsidwa nthawi yachikondwerero chilichonse.
Kutsiliza
Chipinda chokhala ndi masitepe chiyenera kukhala chokongoletsa bwino komanso chokongoletsedwa bwino. Palibe chifukwa chonyalanyaza malamulo wamba pakupanga mapulani. Ndikofunikira kuphatikiza mwanzeru mitundu ndi zida. Masitepe sayenera kuonekera panjira yonse. Mutha kuyang'ana pa izo, koma mkati mwa chimango cha zomwe zidalipo kale. Muyenera kukonzekera mosamala komwe kumakhala masitepe mnyumbamo, chifukwa mtsogolomo zidzakhala zovuta kuzikonzanso kupita kwina. Ponena za masitepe, kusankha kwake kumadalira kuthekera kwachuma kwa mwininyumba komanso mawonekedwe amkati mwa chipinda. Zida zina sizingagwirizane ndi mapangidwe omwe adagwirizana kale. Ngati pali masitepe osakhazikika pabalaza mpaka chipinda chachiwiri, ndiye kuti mutha kuyesa kapangidwe kake, mwachitsanzo, kuti chikhale chozungulira kapena chopanda mawonekedwe.
