Kuyambira nthawi ya Soviet, makonde akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo osungira zinthu zosafunikira, zomwe ndizachisoni kuzitaya ndipo zilibe kopita. Koma chipinda chino m'nyumba, situdiyo kapena loft, ngati chingakonzedwe bwino, chitha kukhala ofesi yapadera, dimba lomwe likufalikira, ngodya yamasewera kapena chipinda chochezera pomwe mutha kuwerenga buku ndikukhala tiyi madzulo ndikucheza mosangalala. Chozizwitsa chenicheni kwa eni nyumba zazing'ono. Ndi manja anu, mutha kukongoletsa khonde kapena loggia, pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe okonzekera kapena kulumikizana ndi malingaliro anu.
Kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Pali mitundu ingapo yama khonde:
- Zowonongeka ndi kutetezedwa ndi mphepo;
- Pakona;
- Gulu la makonde okhala ndi chitetezo;
- Kuthamangitsidwa m'mphepete mwake;
- Ndi zikopa;
- Zolemba.
Mwa kapangidwe, makonde amagawika m'magulu angapo:
- Pamtengo wokhala ndi konkire wolimba;
- Pamatabwa a cantilever;
- Ndi zothandizira zakunja;
- Kulumikizidwa;
- Zomata;
- Kumata.
Loggias, nawonso, akhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:
- Zipinda za loggias;
- Zam'manja;
- Zomangidwa.
Kupatula magawo awa, pali zipinda za ku France zomwe zimakongoletsa. Ndi zotetemera kwathunthu, zopapatiza kwambiri komanso zosayenera kukonza chipinda china.
Zofunika! Musanapange kukonza, m'pofunika kuti muphunzire mawonekedwe a khonde. Ngati ndi kotheka, padzafunika kukhazikitsa mipanda yowonjezera, kulimbitsa maziko, kupanga chimango.
Ku Khrushchev
Ku Khrushchev, makonde amatha kukhala amitundu itatu m'litali:
- 2.4 mita;
- 2.7 mita;
- 3.2 mita.
Kutalika kwa chipinda chotere nthawi zonse kumakhala kochepera mita. Kukula kwa makonde ku Khrushchev sikulola zambiri "kutembenuka." Kuti mukonze chipinda chocheperako, muyenera kuyesa. Minimalism idzakhala njira yabwino yokongoletsera. Mipando iyenera kukhala yopepuka komanso yosunthika. Kuphatikiza apo, sikulimbikitsidwa kulemera kwambiri makonde ku Khrushchev. Kupanga kwawo sikungathe kupilira kulemera kwambiri, chifukwa chake ziwiya zadothi, zoyang'ana miyala ndi parquet ziyenera kusiya. Kupanda kutero, kapangidwe kake kamayenera kulimbikitsidwa.
M'nyumba yamagulu
Makonde a gulu ali ndi zinthu zingapo. Kanyumba kansalu kocheperako "kansalu" kali ndi welded kuyambira kumapeto kwa khonde, lomwe lili molunjika. Kusiyana kwapadera kumapangidwa pakati pa slabs, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "kukhetsa" madzi amvula m'makonde osayera. Chifukwa cha izi, zovuta zimayamba pakuzisenda. Kuphatikiza apo, gululi silimasunga kutentha bwino, ndipo matumba nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda zotsekemera, zomwe zimapangitsa zipinda zotere kukhala zoyambirira kuzizira kwambiri. Kutchinjiriza kwa matenthedwe nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa pamalo onse. Chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa pansi, pomwe ndi bwino kuyikapo magetsi. M'nyumba zamagulu, pansi pake ndiosiyana. Kulumikiza kwawo kungapangitse kuti mugwiritse ntchito zinthu zambiri, zomwe zingapangitse nyumbayo kukhala yolimba. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi ukadaulo wapansi wosinthika.
Mndandanda wa P44 ndi p44t - "Bwato" ndi "Boot"
"Mabwato" amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe awo: pakati pakatikati komwe kumayang'ana mbali. Loggias zotere zimayambitsa zovuta mu glazing. Kukonzekera malo osakhala ovuta kumakhalanso kovuta kwambiri. Kukula kwake kowoneka bwino, zenera ndi khomo nthawi zambiri zimachotsedwa. Chipinda chopapatiza sichimalola kuyikapo mipando yokwanira, chifukwa chake njira yosavuta ndikuchepera malo owonetsera maluwa kapena mipando ingapo pafupi ndi tebulo lazenera.
"Boot" yamndandanda wa p44t imasiyana "bwato" ndi kukhalapo kwa ndege zitatu, zomwe zimawonjezera ntchito ya glazing ndikumaliza. Ndikosavuta kusintha ma minuses a chipinda choterocho kukhala zopindulitsa ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito "zotumphukira" zake ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera pakasankhidwe ka malowa.
Khonde lotseguka
Mapangidwe a khonde lotseguka adzapangitsa kuti pakhale pakhonde lapadera la chilimwe kuchokera mchipinda chaching'ono "chozizira", chomwe anthu okhala m'nyumba zazing'ono amangolota. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti chipinda choterocho chimangogwiritsa ntchito nyengo yotentha. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zakapangidwe kameneka. Mipando imagwiritsidwa ntchito mopepuka, mosiyanasiyana. Mukamazisankha, zimalimbikitsidwa pamsonkhano wofulumira, wosungirako bwino nthawi yozizira. Palibe chifukwa chodzaza malo ndi makabati ndi mipando yosungira. Gome laling'ono ndi benchi kapena mipando ingapo yamunda ndiyokwanira. Khonde lotseguka lidzafunika ndalama zochepa pakukongoletsa kwake. Zomwe mukufunikira ndikuyika ma grate abwino ndikupangira pogona. Njirayi idzakhala yabwino pakukula munda wachilimwe. Ngati nyumbayo ili pansi, zipinda zotere nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mipesa, yomwe nthawi yotentha imapereka mthunzi wowonjezera ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakongoletsa mbali ya nyumbayo, yosangalatsa anthu odutsa.
Khonde lotsekedwa
Kuyika khonde kumatha kukhala kwamitundu iwiri:
- Ozizira;
- Kutentha.
Pachiyambi, mawonekedwe a aluminium amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Powotcha kotentha, mbiri ya aluminiyamu yokhala ndi zotenthetsera, matabwa achilengedwe kapena PVC imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtundu wozizira ndi wabwino kwa makonde ndi ma loggias, omwe mapangidwe ake samalola kugwiritsa ntchito katundu wowonjezera. Mtundu uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ku Khrushchevs. Kutchinjiriza pankhaniyi sikofunikira. Kukhazikitsa mafelemu otere ndikosavuta komanso kosawonongetsa mtengo. Kutentha kotentha kumapangitsa khonde kukhala "kupitiriza kwa nyumbayo": kutentha kwake kudzakhala kofanana ndi nyumba yonse, ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mafelemu ofunda adzawonjezera katundu pa khonde, chifukwa chake sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosalimba.
Komanso, glazing imatha kukhala yopanda tsankho kapena yosanja. Ndi pang'ono kapena zapamwamba, gawo lotsika la parapet limakhala lotsekedwa. Mtundu woterewu umakhala wofala kwambiri. Zojambula zowoneka bwino zikungokhala zapamwamba, ndipo kampanda kake kali ndi glazed, ndipo kumunsi kumakhala kosangalatsa kopangira chitetezo. Nthawi yomweyo amachita ntchito yoteteza ndikusewera zokongoletsa. Mwa mtundu wa kutsegula, lamba wamawindo amatha kukhala ozungulira, kutsetsereka kapena kutuluka. Mchitidwe wokhazikitsa mawindo apulasitiki tsopano wafalikira. Zimakhala zolimba, zosindikizidwa, zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zimakhala ndi zotsekemera zabwino ndipo ndizosavuta kuyika. Komabe, matabwa sakhala chinthu chakale chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayikulu: kupezeka kwachilengedwe komwe kumalola chipinda "kupuma", kuchotsa mpweya wosayenda.
Chiwembu cha utoto
Kuti muwone bwino malo, mitundu ya pastel imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe yoyera ndiye mtsogoleri. Ngati malo azisangalalo akupangidwa, ndiye kuti amakhala ndi chikasu chowoneka chobiriwira, chobiriwira chobiriwira komanso cha bulauni kotero kuti maso mchipinda choterocho akhoza kupumula. Mitundu yonse ya bulauni, imvi kapena yakuda imagwiritsidwa ntchito muofesi. Pa malo odyera, mitundu yofunda imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa kupumula ndi kuonjezera njala. Malo osangalalira kapena masewera amapangidwa ndikuphatikiza mitundu yowala, yolusa ndi mitundu yofewa yolinganiza. Mutha kupanga "mabuloko" osiyana amdima kapena owoneka bwino omwe angayang'anire alendo.
Zofunika! Ndikofunikira kudziwa mbali yomwe mawonekedwe a loggia amakumana nawo. Ngati mbali ili dzuwa, ndiye kuti mitundu yozizira komanso yotentha imaloledwa. Ngati mbaliyo ili kumpoto, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe ofunda ayenera kukhala opambana pakupanga.
Kusankha zida
Kuti mukulitse malo ogwiriramo ntchito, choyamba muyenera kukhazikitsa khonde. Pazifukwa izi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazida zamagetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Monga muyeso wowonjezera, khalani ndi "ofunda" pansi. Makamaka amaperekedwa kukongoletsa malo. Pogwiritsa ntchito zokongoletsera zamkati:
- Akalowa matabwa;
- Mapepala a Plasterboard;
- Akalowa pulasitiki;
- Nkhumba;
- Kutsegula;
- Mapanelo a PVC;
- Block nyumba.
Kuphimba chipinda ndi clapboard ndi gawo lomaliza la chithandizo chapamwamba. Poterepa, mutha kulumikiza malingaliro pokhapokha mukasankha mtundu. Kukumana ndi plasterboard pambuyo pake kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mumange pamakoma ndi mapepala momwe mumakondera. Kutsiriza kwa nkhumba ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso kosamalira zachilengedwe. Pamakonde a njerwa, nthawi zina makomawo amasiyidwa momwe amawapangidwira. Kupanga chipinda chamakono nthawi zambiri kumapereka lingaliro ili ngati yankho loyambirira. Njerwa imakonzedwa mwanjira yapadera: imawongoleredwa, kupangidwa ndikujambula. Khoma la njerwa lotere lokha lidzakhala chinthu chokongoletsera. Poterepa, mawonekedwe a njerwa amatha kupangidwa kukhala osalala bwino, okhwima kapena ogwirizana kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonekedwe ndi mitundu. Zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi mafelemu achitsulo kapena zojambula zingapo zosaoneka bwino ziziwoneka bwino pamtunda.
Zipangizo zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaliza pansi:
- Laminate;
- Zamadzimadzi;
- Pamphasa;
- Parquet;
- Zoumbaumba.
Pamphasa ndi linoleum amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira khonde lomwe sililola kuti likhale lolemera kwambiri. Pansi pazolimba zimawoneka zolemera, koma pamtengo ndi gawo lokwera kuposa zida zina. Kwa denga, ndibwino kuti musankhe zinthu zopepuka ndi ntchito yokongoletsa. Mchitidwe wogwiritsira ntchito zotchingira ndikofala.
Zofunika! Musaiwale za zokongoletsa zakunja. Sidzangopangitsa khonde lanu kukhala lokongola kuchokera mseu, komanso kulikulitsa. Ma sheet a bolodi amawerengedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri pazinthu izi.
Maonekedwe
Provence ndi mawonekedwe ochepera a hinterland yaku France. Amadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe, maluwa ndi mitundu yowala. Maluwa ambiri amkati ndi magalasi okongola ndi zopalira zadothi ndizofunikira.
Zamakono zimadziwika ndi kufewa kwa mithunzi ndi mawonekedwe amtundu. Sazindikira mizere yolimba yazithunzi. Ngakhale zipindazo zimakongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yakale, zina mwa mitundu yowala zimatsindika. Zojambula ndi zithunzi pamakoma, miphika yocheperako, nyali ndi zokumbutsa zimapatsa mpweya. Magalasi okhala ndi magalasi agogomezera kukongola kwa mkatikati mwa khonde lomwe lili mnyumba ya Art Nouveau
Minimalism imazindikira kokha kupezeka kwazinthu zogwirira ntchito mkati. Amadziwika ndi kuphweka komanso mwachidule. Mtunduwu umakhazikitsidwa ndi mitundu iwiri yokha, yomwe imasewera ndi mithunzi pazazikulu zazikulu zamkati. Minimalism imafuna malo otseguka komanso kuwala kambiri.
Njira zamakono zimaonedwa ngati kalembedwe kamakono pafupi ndi minimalism. Amazindikira mawonekedwe okhwima okha. Mwa mitundu, mithunzi yakuda, yoyera, imvi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. N'zotheka kuwonjezera zofiira, buluu kapena zofiirira ngati kuwala kwa m'mbuyo. Ukadaulo wapamwamba umakonda kuchuluka kwa chrome, mawonekedwe azitsulo ndi magalasi. Kulimbikitsanso kuyatsa kwamakina komwe kumafalikira ndikuwonekera bwino malo.
Mipando
Mipando yamakonde otseguka imakhala ngati mipando yam'munda. Mfundo yayikulu posankha ndi kuthekera kokulunga mwachangu ndikuyiyika mchipinda chosungira. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndikafika kuchipinda chokwanira mnyumba kapena nyumba yabizinesi yotsekedwa. Apa okonza adayesetsa momwe angathere. Malingana ndi cholinga cha chipinda, mutha kusankha mipando yazitsulo, galasi, pulasitiki kapena matabwa. Ngati chipinda chizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndiye kuti chikhale ndi zida zoyeserera zomwe zingalole kuti munthu m'modzi aziphunzitsa momasuka.
Loggia kuphatikiza chipinda chogona imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ngodya yokonzekera madzulo asanagone. Poterepa, matebulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito patebulo, ma ottomans ndi sofa wabwino. Kwa malo azisangalalo, amangokhala ndi tebulo laling'ono lokhala ndi mipando yokhalamo: sofa yopinda kapena ottoman wolimba wokhala ndi mapilo ofewa ambiri, pomwe alendo amatha kukwera ndi mapazi awo. Ngati malowa adakonzedwa kuti agwire ntchito, ndiye kuti kutsindika kuli pa makabati ndi malo osungira. Mipando yosinthira mtundu wa ZM2 ikuthandizira kusunga malo. Mitundu yambiri yamipando yotere pamitengo yotsika mtengo m'misika ya Ikea ku Netherlands.
Kuyatsa
Kuunikira koyenera kumatha kukhala udzu wopulumutsa m'chipinda chaching'ono cha khonde. Mothandizidwa ndi kuwala, mutha kukulitsa mawonekedwe. Palibe zoletsa pakusankhidwa kwa magetsi. Zitha kukhala mababu owala, chandeliers, nyali, ma sconces, ma LED, nyali zapansi ndi makina onse oyatsa. Amatha kuikidwa pamakoma, kudenga komanso pansi. Pofuna kuti asasokoneze mawonekedwe okongoletsa mchipindacho ndi mawaya amagetsi, ayenera kusamalidwa pomaliza. Kenako zingwe zamagetsi zizikhala zamtundu wobisika, zomwe zimapewa kusanja mawaya. Kulumikizana kotseguka kumaphimbidwa ndi zinthu zokongoletsera ndi mapanelo apadera. Ubwino waukulu wa zingwe zotseguka ndikupezeka kwake panthawi yokonza, zomwe sizinganenedwe za zingwe zobisika.
Mukakhazikitsa zowunikira, muyenera kumvera komwe kuwala kukuyang'ana. Kuwala kwachindunji kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi kumapangitsa kuti chikhale cholemera komanso chochepa. Kuwala kuchokera pansi, komwe kumwazikana pamalo owoneka bwino, zithunzi ndi magalasi pamakoma, kumakulitsa danga. Kwa zipinda zamdima, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa kwamphamvu kuchokera ku nyali zamphamvu zokhala ndi nyali zingapo zowonjezera. Kusewera kwa mithunzi ndi kuwala kumakhudza mwachindunji malingaliro amaso a munthu m'lifupi, kutalika ndi "kuya" kwa danga.
Khonde limodzi ndi khitchini
Khonde nthawi zina limakulitsa khitchini, ngati chipinda chili chaching'ono kwambiri ndipo sichimalola kuphatikiza malo odyera ndi malo ophikira. Gawo la khitchini limatha kuyikidwa pakhonde; itha kukhala ngati chipinda chodyera ngati zenera lakale limapangidwa ngati tebulo. Gawo lomwelo lidzawerengedwanso ngati cholembera, chomwe chimakhala chowonjezera pamaphwando kunyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, khitchini kuphatikiza khonde liziwala kwambiri. Kukonzanso kuli mitundu iwiri:
- Zokwanira;
- Tsankho.
Mukadzaza, makoma olekanitsa zipinda ziwirizo amachotsedwa kwathunthu. Kukonzanso pang'ono kumaphatikizapo kuwononga mawindo ndi zitseko zokha. Sill sill wakale amatha kukhala ngati countertop, shelufu yosungira kapena chinthu chokongoletsera.
Cabinet pa khonde
Kwa iwo omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri kunyumba, koma alibe kakhonde kawo kawokha, khonde lidzakhala yankho labwino kwambiri pamavutowa. M'chipinda choterocho, tebulo laling'ono logwirira ntchito, mpando waofesi komanso ngakhale sofa imayikidwa. Zolemba zonse zofunikira, mabuku ndi zida zina zogwirira ntchito zitha kugawidwa bwino pamashelufu mpaka kudenga. Njirayi ndiyofunikanso poyatsa. Masana, simuyenera kuwonjezera nyali. M'chilimwe, ntchitoyi imachitikira kunja. Kapangidwe kolondola, kakang'ono ka malo ogwirira ntchito kangalolere ngakhale kuchokera pa khonde locheperako la Khrushchev kuti apange ofesi yogwira ntchito mnyumba imodzi.
Munda wamakhonde
Makonzedwe a mini-dimba amatha kuchitika pakhonde lotseguka nthawi yachilimwe, komanso yotseka kuti mugwiritse ntchito kosatha. Kuti tisunge malo, zomera zimasankhidwa mwa mtundu. Ma tebulo amakula m'miphika yoyikidwa pakhoma. Ndipo pakhoma palokha, matepi amamangiriridwa: zotchingira matabwa pomwe "khoma" lobiriwira lidzaikidwenso. Kwa mitundu ina ya zomera, maimidwe apadera okhala ndi mipanda yolimba komanso oyikira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amaloledwa kuyika trellises osati kukhoma kokha, komanso pansi pazenera palokha. Pambuyo pake, ubweya wobiriwira udzapanga mthunzi wachilengedwe mchipindamo. Njirayi ndiyofunikira pazipinda zomwe zili ndi mawindo oyang'ana mbali ya dzuwa. Mini-dimba idzakhala njira yabwino kwa iwo omwe alibe kanyumba kachilimwe, koma amakonda kuchezerana pansi.Ndikosavuta kulima tomato, radishes, mpendadzuwa wokongoletsera, nkhaka, zitsamba, anyezi ndi maluwa amkati pakhonde.
Pambuyo pake
Khonde laleka kale kukhala ngati chipinda chosungira. Mayankho amakono akuthandizani kuti mupange chipinda chosiyana ndi chipinda chopanda cholinga. Izi ndizabwino osati pazipinda zazing'ono zokha, momwe mita iliyonse yamtengo wapatali imakhala yolemera golide, komanso zipinda zazikulu momwe mungakonzere ngodya yachinsinsi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj81dl8gZFQ
