Nyumba iliyonse ili ndi zitseko zolowera khungu, imayikidwa kuti iteteze nyumbayo kwa alendo osayitanidwa, komanso zitseko zamkati. Mwa mtundu wa zomangamanga, chomalizirachi chimatha kutsetsereka, kupeta, kaseti, kupinda ndi pendulum. Ntchito yayikulu yazitseko zamkati ndikupatula chipinda chimodzi. Izi "zotchinga" sizimangokhala ngati magawidwe, komanso zimateteza zipinda kuti zisamve phokoso, zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, m'chipinda chogona, zimakhala zovuta kugona ngati pali ofesi kapena holo pafupi, momwe anthu apanyumba amagona mochedwa. Zitseko zamkati zimapatsanso khitchini ndi nyengo yake yapadera yozizira, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuti omwewo alowe m'zipinda zoyandikana nazo.
Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kapangidwe kake katsatira mwatsatanetsatane mfundo ya "malo akulu, malire okhala" ndikusiya magawo onse palimodzi. Zamkati ziyenera "kupuma" momasuka ndikusamba ndikuwala, ndichifukwa chake nyumba zaku studio, kapena kutsanzira kwawo (zipinda zophatikizira), zakhala njira yotchuka. Zodzikongoletsera za khomo lopanda chitseko, monga lamulo, zimasankhidwa kutengera chithunzi cha mawonekedwe amkati mwa zipinda zoyandikana, zomwe amagawana. Mutha kuzikonza ndi manja anu kuchokera pazinthu zosafunikira kapena kuphatikiza gulu la akatswiri. Njira yoyamba ndiyabwino, chifukwa ziziwononga ndalama zochepa, ndipo gawo lopanga limagwira gawo lofunikira pakukongoletsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso la womanga ndi wopanga, mutha kupanga kapangidwe koyambirira, kapadera komwe kadzakhala kowonekera m'nyumba mwanu. Tiyeni tikambirane za mwayi wotseguka pakhomo, zida zawo zokongoletsera komanso mawonekedwe ake.
Ubwino wotseguka
Khomo lotseguka lili ndi zabwino zambiri zosatsutsika, zomwe amazindikira kuti:
- Maonekedwe okongola. Njira zamakono zopangira mawonekedwe zimakupatsani mwayi wopanga zovuta, zoyambirira pamapangidwe okongoletsera.
- Dera "lotsekedwa", lomwe poyamba limayenera kutsegula chitseko (chofala), tsopano lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyamula zinthu zamkati.
- Kuwala kwina kwachilengedwe. Ngati zenera limodzi lokha limalowa m'zipinda zoyandikana, ndiye kuti kusowa kwa khomo potsegulira kumalola tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dzuwa kulowa m'chipinda chamdima chapafupi.
- Kuyenda kwanthawi zonse. Chothandiza pazipinda zopanda mpweya wabwino.
- Kuphatikiza malo awiri. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mkatikati mwa zipinda, pomwe zipinda ziwiri zokongoletsedwa m'njira imodzimodzi ziyenera kukhala ndi malire, osati zenizeni.
- Kukhazikitsa Cholinga chosiyana kwambiri ndi khomo lotseguka pakhoma la nyumba likamangidwapo, koma "cholumikizira" chiyenera kusiyidwa pakati pa zipindazo.
- Kukulitsa kowoneka bwino kwa "kabati" kakang'ono. Ngati chipinda chaching'ono chimawerengedwa ngati chipinda chodziyimira pawokha, ndiye kuti zidule za mapangidwe sizingathandize kukonza vutolo. Ndi chithandizo chotseguka, malingaliro ake owoneka amasintha. Zikuwoneka ngati kupitiriza, gawo la chipinda choyandikana.
- Kuthekera kwatsopano posankha mawonekedwe akutsegulira. Ngakhale kuti okonza mapangidwe akupitilizabe kudabwitsidwa ndi njira zosakhazikika, ma arches amakhalabe njira yosavuta komanso yosavuta. Mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana imakupatsani mwayi wopanga chithunzi chapaderadera.
Komanso, mndandanda wazabwino zake umaphatikizapo kukonza kosavuta kapangidwe kake (sipafunikira kuthira maino ndi kupukuta galasi) ndi mtengo wotsika wokhazikitsa. Chotsatirachi sichidalira mtundu wa zida zokongoletsera; khomo lathunthu lathunthu limawononga zambiri.
Mitundu
Khomo lotseguka limagawika m'magulu awiri:
- Mtundu wakale. Zimasiyana pang'ono ndi zida zokhala ndi khomo, zili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana amakona anayi. Zakale ndizopambana.
- Arched pakhomo. Poterepa, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe mapangidwe okongoletserayi amatha kudzitama nayo.
Mabwalowo amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo:
- Wachiroma (wachikondi). Zipinda zawo zimapangidwa ngati bwalo, m'mimba mwake ndilofanana ndi khomo lachitseko.
- Turkey (kummawa). Chipilalacho chimapangidwa ngati dome.
- Waku Britain. Chipindacho ndi chozungulira. Ndi mtundu wachiroma wovulidwa.
- Chi Gothic (lancet). Mizere yazitali imayenda molunjika kumalo amodzi.
- Ellipsoidal. Chipilalacho chimakhala chofanana ndi mtundu wachiroma "wopepuka".
- Asilavo. Mabwalo okhala ndi dzina "lanyumba" ndi ofanana ndi zitseko zotseguka zachikale, koma ali ndi ngodya zazing'ono pang'ono.
- Ulendo. Chipindacho chimakhala chosamva, kutanthauza kuti chimakongoletsedwa kapena kukongoletsedwa ndi chinthu china chowonekera.
Palinso mitundu ina yaku Thai, momwe chipilalacho chidadulidwa pakati ndikutsala gawo limodzi. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ozungulira, monga nyumba zokongola zomwe a John Tolkien adafotokoza pamasamba amabuku ake. Zosankha zotere ndizovuta kukhazikitsa, koma zimakhala zinthu zabwino kwambiri mkati.
Makulidwe
Pali miyezo ina yomwe imayang'anira kukula kololeka kwazitseko, zonse zotseguka komanso zotseka. Kutalika kwa 1.9 m kumafanana ndi kutalika kwa 0.55 ndi 0.6 m.Mukumana ndi zotseguka zotere muzipinda momwemo. Pachitseko chotalika mamita 2, m'lifupi mwake ndi 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 ndi 0.9 m. M'nyumba za eni, magawo akhoza kukhala osiyana. Zachidziwikire, manambala otere samangofanana nthawi zonse ndi zofuna za eni nyumbayo. Poterepa, zotseguka zikukula chifukwa chakumasulidwa pang'ono kwa khoma. Musanayambe ntchito, m'pofunika kuti mufunsane ndi akatswiri omwe apereke yankho lolondola ngati izi zitha kuchitika komanso zotsatirapo zake.
Kukula kwa bokosilo kulinso kofunikira. M'zipinda ndizoyenera: 7.5 cm. Chizindikirocho ndichofunikira pakusankha koyenera kwa zowonjezera.
Zida zokongoletsera
Musanakongoletse kotsegulira, muyenera kusankha pazomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pazosavuta, pamabizinesi, amasiya nsalu ndikukongoletsa nsalu ndi makatani. Adzabweretsa kuchepa nawo mchipinda, kupatula apo, mutha kusintha zinthuzo nthawi iliyonse. Pazipilala zazikulu, zowuma, clinker (mtundu wa matailosi a ceramic), MDF, chipboard, mapanelo a PVC, akalowa, matabwa olimba, miyala yokumba komanso yachilengedwe, njerwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
M'malo otsogola kwambiri, mapangidwe a stucco a polyurethane, mapepala okwera mtengo kapena pulasitala wokongoletsa m'malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma Platband ndiofunikira kwambiri. Amagawidwanso malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo:
- Lopotana;
- Lathyathyathya;
- Anamaliza.
Gulu lina limaphatikizapo ma platband - zotulukapo za ntchito yolemetsa pamtengo. Ndizovuta kudziwa luso la ntchito yabwino m'makalasi apamwamba ndikupanga chinthu china chake, kotero ndikosavuta kugula zomwe wolemba adamaliza.
Payokha, ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe zingakhalire. Zinthuzo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apachiyambi, ndipo mphamvu yake imakupatsani mwayi wopanga mawonekedwe azithunzi ngati mashelufu otseguka ozungulira chitseko.
Mapulasitiki apulasitiki
Pulasitiki imagawidwa ngati bajeti yomwe ili ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndi mawonekedwe ake. Ndiwosinthika, motero imabwereza mosavuta mawonekedwe azitseko. Pakukhazikitsa, nkhaniyo ndi yosavuta, chifukwa chake, simusowa kuti muphatikize akatswiri pantchito. Mutha kudzikongoletsa pakhomo panu podula zinthu zofunika kuchokera ku pulasitiki, kapena mutha kugula zida zopangidwa kale. Zimaphatikizapo:
- Ma Platbandband kuchuluka kwa zidutswa zisanu ndi chimodzi. Zinayi za "makoma" ammbali ndi mbali ziwiri ndi ziwiri zazitali. Ngati chomalizirachi chili ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika (arched), ndiye kuti zida zapadera zimagulidwa, zopangidwira khomo linalake.
- Zowonjezera zitatu. Awiri pamakoma ammbali ndi m'modzi pamwamba.
Zitseko zamakona zokongoletsedwa ndi pulasitiki ndizapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndizoyenera kalembedwe kalikonse. Sankhani zakuthupi ndi zokongoletsa, zowoneka bwino ndipo zimayenda mwanjira imodzi. Gwiritsani ntchito chitsulo chowunikira kapena kutsanzira njerwa ndipo chitseko chidzakhala chowonjezera kuwonjezera pa chipinda chapamwamba kapena chapamwamba.
Mwala wokongoletsa
Zitseko zamkati ndi zolowera zitha kukongoletsedwa ndi miyala yokongoletsera. Zinthu zakuthupi zimasindikiza bwino chimango chachitsulo, chomwe chili pakhomo chimasokoneza mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Potsegula zamkati zotseguka, miyala yokumba imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka. Zinthuzo ndizopepuka kuposa zachilengedwe, koma sizokhazikika. Kumaliza kwa miyala kapena njerwa nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira "yoduka". Mphepete mwake mumatenga gawo lina la khoma ndikupanga mawonekedwe apadera omwe amatsanzira ntchito yosasamala. Njirayi ndi yotchuka kwambiri mkati mwa masiku ano, chifukwa imayambitsa "zakale" zomwe zimafanana ndi "kusamalika" kwathunthu m'chipindacho.
Polyurethane stucco akamaumba
Mosiyana ndi makina a stucco a gypsum, polyurethane ndi yopepuka. Sizowopsa kugwetsa pansi pansi panthawi yakukhazikitsa, chifukwa kugwa kumachitika popanda ming'alu ndi zidutswa zodulidwa. Mothandizidwa ndi stucco, amapanga nyumba zapamwamba zapamwamba zomwe ndizoyenera ufumuwo kapena kalembedwe kakale. Zinthu zazing'ono zimathandizidwa ndi ma pilasters omwe amatsanzira zipilala m'mbali mwa chitseko. Njirayi imayang'ana modabwitsa m'zipinda zokhala ndi zotchingira zochepa, chifukwa imangoyang'ana chipinda. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti titengeke ndi kuwumba kwa stucco m'malo ang'onoang'ono: kuchuluka kwazing'ono zazing'ono, zomwe zili ndi nthabwala zoseka moyipa. Zokongoletsa za polyurethane "zimabzalidwa" pagulu, zomwe zimamatira bwino kulikonse.
Chimodzi mwamaubwino azinthu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi yoyera yoyera. Pambuyo pake, mutha kujambula pamwamba pamthunzi uliwonse, kutengera phale la zokongoletsa chipinda.
Kusokoneza
Clinker ndi mtundu wina wotchuka wamapeto. Matayala a ceramic amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a "njerwa" amakona anayi, mosiyana ndi malo azikhalidwe. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutsegule poyambira pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "kukwapula", pomwe zidutswa za mzere wapafupi zimasamukira pakati ndi theka la chidutswa. Ma seams sagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa uku, komwe kumapangitsa kufanana ndi njerwa. Ngati, pokongoletsa makoma mwanjira iyi, kungakhale kofunikira kudula kanyumba, chifukwa mzere uliwonse wachiwiri uyenera kutha ndi theka la tile, kenako kukongoletsa kutsegulira komwe amapita m'mphepete "kong'ambika". Kupanga uku kumawoneka kokongola komanso kokongola. Mitundu yamitundu yama clinker imakupatsani mwayi wosankha malingana ndi phale lamkati.
Nsalu
Njira yosavuta yokongoletsera ndi kukongoletsa pakhomo ndi nsalu zotchinga. Pazinthu izi, tulle yopepuka komanso makatani olemera amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Otsatirawa amasonkhanitsidwa m'mbali ndipo amakonzedwa ndi ma thumba apadera. Olemba amalola, ngati kuli kotheka, kusiya kutsegula kutsegula kapena kuphimba kwathunthu. Makatani opangira nsalu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri: ndi "zingwe" za nsalu yapadera yopanga yomwe imayenda mwaufulu potseguka ndikupanga chinyengo cha chopinga. Zovala ngati zokongoletsera ndizosavuta, zimatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta kuti zitsukidwe kapena kusinthidwa ndi makatani okhala ndi "kalembedwe" kapena mtundu wina posintha zamkati.
Malingaliro opanga
Mchitidwe wa khomo "lolowamo", kapena kuti chinyengo chake, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Yankho ili ndilofunikira pazipinda zomwe mulibe malo oyikapo mabuku. Laibulale yakunyumba imayikidwa m'mashelufu otseguka omwe azungulira pakhomo. Pakona yapafupi, amakonza malo oti aziwerengera: tebulo labwino lomwe lili ndi mpando kapena sofa yaying'ono. M'masiku amakono, opanga nthawi zambiri amayesa, ndipo mawonekedwe a chitseko amakhala mutu wazoyeserera zamapangidwe. Amatha kutsatira ma key, mabotolo, kukhala ozungulira kwathunthu, kapena kukhala ndi mapiri osanjikiza ozungulira.
Kutsegula koyambirira kumakwaniritsidwa ndi "mawindo" okongoletsera m'mbali, ma voids owunikira omwe amatsindika mawonekedwe ake, kapena mashelufu mbali imodzi. Yankho loyambirira ndikukhazikitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi zokongoletsa zamaluwa pamwamba pa chipinda. Adzatambasula "zimayambira" pansi. "Mipesa" yolipidwa imapereka kukhalapo kwa eni ake apadera komwe zithunzi za banja zofananira zimamangiriridwa.
Standard kapangidwe
Kapangidwe muyezo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pulasitiki kapena MDF. Zinthuzi zilipo komanso pamtengo wotsika mtengo. Tikulimbikitsidwa kugula seti, yomwe imaphatikizaponso ma platband ndi zowonjezera. Zonse zomwe mwini ayenera kuchita: kukhazikitsa.
Khomo lachikale limawoneka ngati losamalitsa komanso lotopetsa kwa ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zosankha zotere zimasankhidwa ndi kutsatira miyambo yomwe sakonda kusintha kwakukulu m'moyo kapena mkati. Komabe, khomo lachikale lotseguka limagwiritsidwanso ntchito mochititsa chidwi kwambiri, mokongola. Imasewera ngati chinthu choletsa chomwe chimachepetsa malo.
Kukongoletsa kwa arched
Ma arches amakulitsa malo. Amapanga "ufulu" ndipo amadzaza zipinda zonse ndi kuwala ndi mpweya. Nthawi zambiri (kupatula zosankha zaku Thai), zomangamanga ndizofanana. Amapangidwa molingana, ngati m'chiwonetsero chagalasi. M'machitidwe amakedzana, mabwalowo amakongoletsedwa ndi ma stucco, ma bas-reliefs ndi ma pilasters m'mbali. Mkati kamangidwe kofananako kadzawoneka kokongola komanso kodula.
Zipinda zamphepete mwa transom zimakongoletsedwa ndi magalasi ndi ma slats owonda omwe amapanga mawonekedwe ake. Zosankha zopanda malire zimakwaniritsidwa ndi ziphuphu, mashelufu azodzikongoletsera, kuyatsa. Nyumba zomangidwa molumikizana zimalumikiza malo aliwonse, palibe zoletsa pankhaniyi. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri mipata yotere imapezeka pakati panjira yocheperako ndi chipinda choyandikana (nthawi zambiri holo).
Njira yopangira mawonekedwe
Khomo lotseguka lokha likukopa chidwi, chifukwa palibe magawano omwe amapangidwa. Kuti muwonjezere matchulidwe, sankhani njira imodzi yopangira ndikuwonetsa zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito:
- Mitundu. Kutsegulira kumatha kukhala ndi mthunzi wowala ndikulumikizana ndi mawonekedwe ena amkati mkati.
- Chidziwitso. M'malo opangidwa mwaluso mosiyanasiyana, malo amaperekedwa nthawi zambiri kuti awone zowala.
- Zithunzi. Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa "ngakhale" zokutira pakhoma (utoto, mapepala khoma, pulasitala), khomo limatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi kupumula kwa miyala, njerwa kapena stuko.
- Mafomu. Njira yodziwika kwambiri, chifukwa ndondomeko ya kutsegula ikhoza kulingaliridwa mosadalira. Kenako phatikizani iwo mu drywall kapena plywood ndipo, chifukwa chake, pezani zokongoletsa za wolemba.
Mwachilengedwe, kuti muwonjezere zotsatira, mutha kuphatikiza maluso omwe ali pamwambapa. Khomo lolankhulira nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupukutira ziwiya mosavutikira.
Momwe mungabisire chitseko
Nthawi zambiri khomo limabisika ndi mipando. Yankho lenileni lingakhale kuyika kabati, chipinda chokhala ndi khoma lakumbuyo kapena zovala zomangidwa apa. Poyamba, mipata inali yokutidwa ndi makalapeti apakhoma. Tsopano yankho lotere limawerengedwa ngati chinthu choyambirira, ndipo ngati ndizosatheka kubisala kuseri kwa chinthu chachikulu, ndiye kuti mutha kukongoletsa ndi zowuma kapena plywood. Pamwambapo pamapangidwe kapena kujambulidwa ndi mapepala, ndipo chithunzi chojambulidwa kapena zithunzi chapachikidwa pamwamba. Zokongoletsera zoterezi ziziwoneka bwino mkati, ndipo alendo sangaganize kuti eni ake amazigwiritsa ntchito kubisa chitseko chomwe sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito.Kuchokera pazinthu zomwezo, mutha kupanga zokongoletsera momwe mashelufu otseguka adayikiratu kuti asungire zazing'ono. Kapangidwe kake ndikosavuta chifukwa kangathe kusokonezedwa nthawi iliyonse.
M'zipinda zosiyanasiyana
Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchite mopitirira muyeso ndi zokongoletsa pakhomo pazipinda zazing'ono. Kumbukirani kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala otseguka kuti athe kukulitsa danga. Mapangidwe olakwika amatha kusokoneza zotsatira zake zonse. M'zipinda zazikulu, palibe zoletsa pazokongoletsa za chinthuchi. Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti kutsegulaku kumakhala kwamakona awiri, chifukwa chake kuyenera kupangidwa moganizira kutuluka "kuzipinda ziwiri zosiyana.
Ngati njira zawo zakusanja ndizosiyana, ndiye kuti mphindi ino iyenera kuwonetsedwa pomaliza dongosolo. Pakukongoletsa kusintha pakati pa khitchini ndi zipinda zina, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito nsalu. Itha kusunthidwa mosavuta kupita pomwe "yatsekedwa" ndikutchinjiriza zipinda zina ku fungo lowononga ndi mafuta amafuta oyandama mlengalenga.
Kutsiliza
Zinthu zamkati zilizonse, ngakhale zingawoneke zazing'ono motani, zimatha kukhala zojambula zofunikira. Ndikukongoletsa koyenera, zitseko wamba zimatha kukhala zowonekera pakapangidwe ka zipinda ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, omaliza, zida, mawonekedwe awo, mitundu yake ndi mawonekedwe ake zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndikumasulira malingaliro olimba mtima kwambiri, apachiyambi.
