Mtundu wachingerezi pamapangidwe amalo mdziko lakwawo udalowa m'malo mwa achi French. Zimaphatikizapo gulu lonse la mayendedwe momwe nyumba zachifumu, malo, zokongoletsera, malo osungira zinyumba, minda ya a Victoria zimakongoletsedwa. Payokha, nthambi yolembedwera amakono - kanyumba kanyumba kamadziwika. Luso la kapangidwe ka malo ku England lidapangidwa m'njira ziwiri: mapaki apamwamba komanso dimba lakumidzi. Ngati poyambirira kukondoweza kokha kunali kofunikira, ndiye kuti kwachiwiri kunali mbali yothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, dziwe la paki yachifumu limapangidwa kuti lizisangalala ndi diso, ndipo kumidzi, adatengedwa madzi akumwa. Minda ya kumidzi inali yodzaza ndi mitengo yazipatso ndi zonunkhira. M'mapaki achifumu, amalimbikitsidwa kwambiri pazomera zakunja ndi tchire. Kwazaka zambiri, aku Britain adayamba kukonda malo okhala ndi nyumba zazing'ono, zabwino. Mtundu wachingerezi wachizungu pakupanga mawonekedwe, atawonjezera mawonekedwe apamwamba, udasandulika kanyumba kanyumba kamakono (kotembenuzidwa kuti "munda wanyumba"). Tiyeni tidziwe bwino za malangizo ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Mbiri: miyambo yakachitidwe ka Chingerezi pakupanga mawonekedwe
Mbiri yakapangidwe ka Chingerezi pakupanga malo idayamba kalekale nyumba zazinyumba zanyengo yachilimwe zisanakhale zowonjezerapo zokongola kuzipinda zanyumba. Mundawu poyamba udawoneka ngati wowonjezera wothandiza kwambiri. Inamera zipatso zomwe zingadye. Oyambirira omwe adayamba kugawa malo osiyana mitengo ndi zitsamba anali amonke. Mu Middle Ages, anthu olemera kwambiri ndi omwe anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi munda wathunthu. Adalemba ntchito anthu odzipereka kuti aziyang'anira zokolola, maiwe komanso zokongoletsa, ndikuwapatsa mawonekedwe abwino. Nthawi zambiri, mundawu unkangokhala gawo lanyumba yachifumu kapena nyumba yachifumu. Kenako a Huguenot Achiprotestanti adathawira ku England kuchokera ku Holland, yemwe adabweretsa ma lyriodendrons achilendo (mitengo ya tulip), nasturtiums, nyemba ("mvula yagolide").
Mapaki am'deralo adayamba kukongoletsedwa ndi zomera zachilendo. Zofanana zinayamba kutchuka. M'zaka za zana la 17th, minda yoyamba yazomera idawonekera ku Oxford, kenako ku Edinburgh. Chitsanzo cha kalembedwe kake ka Chingerezi kamangidwe ka malo anali paki ya Chiswick estate, yomwe idapangidwa ndi William Kent. Woyang'anira minda ndi wamanga amapanga mfundo zoyambira kusankhana mitundu. Zotsatira zake ndizachilengedwe (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa malo), zomwe nthawi zina zimasungunuka ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu. Munda wa Chingerezi suwoneka wakutchire, ndi wokongola, koma nthawi yomweyo ndiwopambana komanso wapamwamba. Malowa ali ndi zokolola zosatha, zonunkhira, tchire "lachikale" ndi mitengo yomwe imakhala pamizere yayikulu yama tapeworm. Nthawi yomweyo, kubzala kumasinthana ndi "voids" ngati matumba kapena kapinga wamkulu. Tsamba lachilendo limasungunuka pang'ono.
Mtunduwu waphatikiza mawonekedwe amtundu womwe udapanga. Anthu a ku Britain amaletsedwa, odzikuza pang'ono, kuuma kwawo sikachilendo kwa iwo, ndipo mawonetseredwe a ziwawa, makamaka, amadziwika kuti ndi machitidwe oyipa. Zinthu zonse zam'munda wa Chingerezi ndizophatikizidwa ndimiyala yazithunzi zam'nyumba zam'mudzimo ndi minda yamiyala yosawerengeka. Malo a British Isles ali ndi mapiri komanso mapangidwe, omwe amasungunuka ndi mitsinje yambiri, nyanja, zigwa. Kukongola konseko kwachilengedwe kumakhalabe kolimba, zokongoletsa zachilengedwe zimangowongoleredwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi manja. Munda wa Chingerezi amasandulika bwino kukhala nkhalango zamtchire. Udzu wokonzedwa bwino umalumikizidwa ndi kubzala kwachilengedwe ndi njira zopapatiza. Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza uku, malo okongola amapezeka, pomwe zopangidwa ndi anthu zimagwirizana mwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe chonse.
Mawonekedwe
Okonza malo amawona zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza komwe kumangokhala pachikhalidwe cha Chingerezi:
- Kunja kwa nyumbayo kumaphatikizidwa ndi kapangidwe kake ndipo ndi kofunika kwambiri. Chojambulirachi chiyenera kusungidwa mothandizidwa ndi kukwera kwa zomera (ivy, clematis, mphesa). M'magawo akale achingerezi, makoma anyumba nthawi zambiri samawoneka kuseri kwa nsalu yotchinga yobiriwira.
- Njira zokulira m'munda. Mukamapanga, zinthu zakuthambo zimayikidwa koyamba pa pulani ndipo pambuyo pake zimangoganiza komwe kulumikizana kulumikizana. Njirazo zimadutsa zopinga ndipo "wag" mozungulira matupi amadzi, gazebos kapena malo obiriwira. Zimapangidwa ndi miyala kapena zinthu zambiri: mchenga, miyala, miyala yosweka, miyala, makungwa.
- Kukhalapo kwa udzu wokongoletsa parterre. Mtundu wakuthengo wachi Moor wa mtundu wachingerezi wakale komanso wosalala suyenerana konse.
- Udzu waukulu angapo, wolumikizidwa ndi njira zam'munda.
- Malo osungira malo. Ndikofunika, kumene, kuti pali nyanja kapena dziwe pamalowa. Ngati palibe dziwe, liyenera kupangidwa mwaluso, koma m'njira yoti likhale lofanana ndi lenileni.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yosatha komanso "yolira" pokongoletsa malo.
- Kukhalapo kwa minda yamiyala ndi miyala.
- Kanyumba kanyumba kamakhala ndi malingaliro amdziko losasamala.
- Masamu okhwima.
Ngakhale malo achilengedwe, malo achinthu chilichonse amatsimikiziridwa bwino. Asanagwire ntchitoyi, mapangidwe amadziwe, kapinga, gazebos amasinthidwa mosamala. Nyumba yayikuluyi ili mkati mwakuya kwa tsambalo, chipangizocho chimabisika pamaso pa odutsa mumsewu okhala ndi zisoti zamtengo. Gazebos imayikidwa pamphambano za njira zam'munda. Mabedi owala, amitundu yosiyanasiyana amakongoletsa bwalo lakumbuyo kokha. Zolemba zazithunzi zimawonetsedwa, ndikofunikira kuyika pafupi ndi mpanda. Malo obiriwira amapezeka m'mphepete mwa tsambalo.
Minda yachingelezi yachikale samawoneka ngati achichepere, ndiye kuti, zinthu zonse ziyenera kukhala zokalamba mosamala kotero kuti "mzimu wanthawiyo" wopezeka nawo udalipo pakapangidwe kazithunzi.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana
Munda wa Chingerezi ndiwosafanana kwenikweni ndi phale la mitundu ya wojambula wa avant-garde. Amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zobiriwira. Komanso, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza: siliva, saladi, timbewu tonunkhira, malachite, kasupe, mpiru, nkhalango, azitona, viridian, chartreuse, classic. Mungathe kukwaniritsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya shading mwa kuphatikiza mitengo ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Tikambirana za mitundu iti yazomera yomwe yabzalidwa m'minda ya Chingerezi pansipa. Zachidziwikire, kapeti wobiriwira amapukutidwa ndi mawanga owala, koma makamaka amakongoletsa kunja kwa nyumbayo. Apa ndipomwe pamakhala mabedi amitundumitundu olondola. Ngakhale mabedi a maluwa patsamba lonselo amachitidwa modekha, mitundu ya pastel: pinki wosakhwima, pichesi wofewa, maroon, lilac yaukhondo, chikasu choyera, choyera.
Zokongoletsa ndi zokongoletsa
Mapaki ndi minda ya Chingerezi amagwiritsa ntchito zokongoletsa zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi anthu. Komabe, zokongoletsa zomwe zidakalipo m'malo owonekera zimangokhala zigawo zomveka, makamaka chifukwa ndizocheperako ndipo zatsalira kwambiri potengera kuchuluka kwa malo obiriwira. Malo azinthu zokongoletsera zofunika kuziganiziratu pasadakhale. Wopanga zida ali ndi pepala lojambula ndi pensulo, kujambula pulani ya tsamba, kenako ndikuyika nyumba zomwe zilipo pachithunzicho. Tsopano popeza ndizosavuta kuyenda pamalowo, mutha kujambula chithunzi cha zokongoletsera. Ndi zidutswa zokhazokha za Chingerezi kapena zachikale zomwe zimayenera kusankhidwa pazokongoletsa zosiyanasiyana. Zomalizazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa ngodya zamunthu payokha.
Nyumba zokongoletsera
Pakapangidwe ka masamba achingerezi, mitundu iwiri yazinthu imapambana: mitengo ndi miyala. Yoyamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabenchi, mipanda, zipata. Mbali ya kumunsi kwa nyumbayi ndi yokongoletsedwa ndi miyala, mipanda yayikulu imamangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo njira ndizoyala. Mpanda amathanso kupangidwa ndi njerwa zofiirira, koma ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zabodza kuti nyumbayo isawonekere ngati yopanda pake. Zokongoletsera zimaphatikizapo ma pergolas, gazebos, mabenchi, zojambulajambula, nsanja mpaka theka la mita kutalika. Mpumulo wa tsambalo umatsindika ndi masitepe amiyala. Masitepe awo amakongoletsedwa ndi moss, ndipo chosakanizira chokula bwino chimabzalidwa m'mbali. Monga lamulo, dimba lililonse limakhala ndi ngodya yachinsinsi. Imakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi dziwe kapena m'malire a tsambalo kutali ndi bwalo laphokoso.
Pakatikati pa tsambalo, lozunguliridwa ndi mabenchi, gazebo kapena chifanizo chosonyeza munthu kapena nyama imayikidwa. Malowa amakongoletsedwa ndi malo obiriwira kapena mpanda wotsika. Mwa njira, mabenchi amapezeka pansi pa mitengo, m'mbali mwa njira zam'munda kapena pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Pergolas nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pamsewu, ndiye kuti, zipilala zothandizira zimakumbidwa m'mbali mwake. M'nyengo yotentha, chilimwechi chimapatsa iwo omwe akuyenda pamalowo mthunzi wofunidwa kwambiri. Mipando yamunda imapangidwa ndi matabwa okhala ndi zinthu zopangira zinthu. Ndikofunika kuti zinthuzo zikhale za mtundu wa Baroque, Art Nouveau kapena Empire. Makhalidwe apadera achingerezi akuphatikizira zokongoletsa zachilendo ngati "zisudzo zamatabwa". Imapangidwa m'malo akutali kwambiri atsambali. Pakatikati mwa mitengo yamtchire, malo ang'onoang'ono amakonzedwa. Amakongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli, zipilala, kasupe, zitsamba zokongoletsedwa, mabenchi. Ndiyamika zinthu izi za kalembedwe zachikale, zikuwoneka ngati nyumba zonse kamodzi anaima pano, amene amangotsala mabwinja lokongola. Zipangizo zowunikira zimasankhidwa kukhala zapamwamba: nyali zakuda pamiyendo yopyapyala, yokongoletsedwa ndi mithunzi yotseguka yomwe imakhala ndi kuwala kofewa.
M'munda wamanyumba, ziwembu nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi ma penti kapena malo obiriwira. Awa ndi nyumba zophatikizika, zomwe zambiri zimakhala ndi mawindo. M'kati mwake, mumamera mbewu zosakhwima zosanja, mipando (mipando, sofa, tebulo). Amasangalala m'mabwalo, amachita miyambo ya tiyi, amakumana ndi alendo, amawerenga mabuku ndikupanga ntchito zamanja.
Nyimbo
Ma track nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri yazida. Omwe ali pafupi ndi nyumbayo amaikidwa miyala, chifukwa anthu amayenda pafupipafupi pabwalo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti katundu wovekedwa amakula. "Mitsinje" ya Moss yomwe imadzaza ma void pakati pazidutswa za phula idzawoneka bwino. Kenako njirayo itenga mawonekedwe osasamala komanso "osiyidwa" pang'ono. Mwalawo umayenda bwino ndi makoma owoneka bwino, osalimba a njerwa, omwe mabowo ake amakhala ndi ma hop kapena ivy. Njira zobisika kutsika kwa tsambalo zimakonkhedwa ndi miyala, miyala yosweka, mchenga kapena khungwa losweka. Ngati ma conifers amakula m'munda, ndiye kuti gawo lawo lingadzazidwe ndi ma cones. Njirayi imawoneka yoyambirira kwambiri.
Matupi amadzi
Ma dziwe amtundu wa Chingerezi amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthika omwe amatsanzira mawonekedwe achilengedwe. Banki yofatsa imakongoletsedwa ndi zomera. Kasupe kapena chosema chimayikidwa pakatikati pa dziwe. Pamadzi pamakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa amadzi, maluwa, duckweed. Ngati miyeso ya posungira ikuloleza, ndiye kuti mlatho wokhala ndi njanji zachinyengo umaponyedwa pakati pake. Mabenchi amodzi kapena awiri ayenera kuikidwa pafupi ndi madzi. Pafupifupi ndimakongoletsa gombelo ndi masitepe amiyala, omwe amasandulika kukhala dimba lamiyala, ndimiyala yayikulu yamiyala.
Kusankha kwazomera: maluwa, zitsamba ndi mitengo
Hoops, clematis, ivy ndi mphesa zamaluwa zidzakhala zobiriwira zomwe pamakhala mabedi amaluwa ndi minda yamiyala. Kuluka zomera kwenikweni amapota mozungulira makoma a nyumba osati kokha, komanso nyumba zoyandikana nazo. Zonunkhira zimakula m'minda ya Chingerezi. Tarragon, laurel, turmeric, safironi, basil, rosemary, adyo wamtchire, cloves, coriander ndi parsnips amasankhidwa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mphepete mwa mayiwe amakongoletsedwa ndi swimsuit, cattail, marigold, oiwala-ine-nots, irises ndi sedges. Pakati pa mitengo, amakonda kupangira mabokosi, phulusa lamapiri, larch, birch, thundu, thuja ndi hazel (hazel).
Zitsamba za euonymus, turf, mock orange, lilac, elderberry ndi jasmine zimabzalidwa m'mphepete mwa tsambalo. Pakati pazosiyanasiyana zamasamba, kusankha kumapangidwa pamaluwa, phloxes, chowawa, anyezi wamkulu, ferns, badan, rhubarb, catchment, host, rogers. Spireas, daisy, crocuses, galanthuses, maluwa a m'chigwacho, elecampane, delphiniums, peonies, primrose, asters amagwiritsidwa ntchito munyumba yamaluwa. Kuchokera pamabedi amaluwa, amakonda kupatsidwa zosakanikirana pang'ono. Mabedi osamalidwa bwino pafupi ndi nyumbayo amaikidwa m'miphika yamiyala pamiyendo yayitali, yopyapyala.
Musaiwale za miyala yamiyala ndi minda yamiyala. Ndi gawo lofunikira m'munda wachingerezi pomwe akuwonetsa kukongola kwachilengedwe.
Mapeto
Munda wa Chingerezi ndi woyenera kukongoletsa nyumba zazing'ono komanso nyumba zazing'ono. Chachikulu ndikutsatira malamulo wamba komanso ophatikizidwa ndi "mzimu waku Britain". Munda wachingerezi ukhala mwayi wabwino kwa eni aulesi, monga nzeru za malangizowo zikunenera: kukongola kozungulira kumapangidwira kulingalira, osati chifukwa cha ntchito yaukapolo. Inde, mukuyenerabe kusamalira malowa, koma mwadongosolo komanso "unobtrusively". Nthawi zina muyenera kudula tchire, mitengo yamadzi ndi zomera nthawi yadzuwa, ndikuchotsa namsongole m'mabedi a maluwa. Mwa njira, aku Britain ali ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi malo aku topi. Zitsamba zodulidwa ndizofunikira patsamba lililonse. Pa kalembedwe ka Chingerezi, kukula kumafunika, popeza nyumba zachifumu ndi nyumba zachifumu zidazunguliridwa ndi malo akuluakulu. Kwa kanyumba, pali minda yokwanira ndi mahekitala angapo patsambali kuti awapatse kukongola kwachilengedwe.
