Kapangidwe ka mbali yakutsogolo kwa nyumbayi ndi gawo limodzi mwamagawo ofunikira kwambiri omanga. Ndi mawonekedwe a nyumbayo omwe amakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kalembedwe kake, chuma cha mwini wake, chifukwa chake, kusankha kwa zida zomalizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba ya eni kuyenera kuyankhidwa moyenera. Zowonadi, kuwonjezera pa kukongoletsa, kutsekako kumachita gawo lofunikira. Zimateteza makoma ku mvula yamlengalenga, kuwala kwa dzuwa, kumapereka kutentha kowonjezera ndi kutchinjiriza kwa mawu, kumathandizira pakupanga microclimate yathanzi mkati mwa nyumbayo.
Zofunikira pakumaliza kwa facade
Machitidwe onse a facade amagawika m'magulu awiri akulu: osapumira, opumira. Choyamba mwa zomwe zatchulidwazi sichikutanthauza kupezeka kwa mpweya wabwino pakati pa zomata ndi khoma. Zomalizira zimakhazikika ndi zomatira zomata, matope, pulasitala. Kapangidwe kachiwiri amatchedwa kulumikizidwa. Pali malo pakati pa zokongoletsera ndi nyumbayo yoyendetsera mpweya.
Msika wa zomangamanga umapereka zida zingapo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito moyang'ana kutsogolo kwa nyumba yogona. Kusankhidwa kwa chinthu choyenera kumadalira momwe nyumbayo imapangidwira. Komabe, zida zonse zomangira ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zina, monga:
- Maonekedwe okongola. Chotsatira ichi chimagwira gawo lofunikira.
- Mtengo. Simuyenera kusunga pazokongoletsa zakunja, apo ayi sizikhala motalika.
- Kukhazikika. Chovala chabwino chakhala chikukongoletsa nyumba yakumudzi kwazaka zopitilira 10, osafuna kusinthidwa zaka 3-4 zilizonse.
- Mphamvu. Kukutira kuyenera kupirira katundu yense wopangidwa pamapangidwe, kuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwamakina.
- Kukaniza kwachilengedwe. Coating kuyanika ayenera inert kwa mapangidwe ndi kufalikira kwa bowa ndi nkhungu.
- Ubwenzi wachilengedwe. Kutha kusavulaza chilengedwe komanso anthu amoyo.
- Kugonjetsedwa ndi mpweya m'mlengalenga. Zomangira siziyenera kutsukidwa, kukokoloka ndi mphamvu ya mafunde amlengalenga, kuwonongeka ndikusintha mtundu wake kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa.
- Kukaniza chinyezi. Sizovomerezeka kuti chovalacho chimayamwa ndikumafalitsa chinyezi.
- Kutuluka kwa nthunzi yamadzi. Malinga ndi malamulo omanga, amakula kuchokera kuzipangizo zamkati za khoma mpaka kunja.
- Kukaniza moto. Momwemo, muyenera kusankha zopangira zosayaka.
- Frost kukana. Kutha kuthana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha popanda kutaya magwiridwe antchito.
- Chisamaliro chosavuta. Pamwambapo pazikhala zosavuta kuyeretsa kuchokera ku dothi.
- Kukana kwa efflorescence. Ngati chinyezi chikufika pamwamba, mawonekedwe amchere amchere ndi osavomerezeka, omwe samangowononga mawonekedwe, komanso amalemetsa.
- Kukaniza madera ankhanza.
Zipangizo zomalizira mawonekedwe anyumbayo
Kusankha kwa zokutira koyenera kwambiri kumadalira pazinthu zambiri. Choyamba, kapangidwe kake ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukongoletsa mkati ndi kunja ziyenera kuthandizana mogwirizana. Kachiwiri, kalembedwe kanyumbayi kamangidwe, kunja kwake kuyenera kufanana ndi malo onse atsambali, kuphatikizidwa ndi nyumba zonse zomwe zilipo. Chachitatu, m'pofunika kuganizira mbali ya dongosolo palokha, zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa wapakamwa.
Kutengera zinthu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pophimba, magawo onse atha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu: onyowa, owuma. Zakale zimapangidwa ndikumagwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zomanga, zimawonetsetsa kuti kapangidwe kake ndi koyenera. Zomalizazi zimatanthauza kumangiriza kwa zida zomalizira ndi ma bolts, ma dowels, ndi zomangira zina. Mapeto amtunduwu ndiosavuta, kukhazikitsa kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
Mndandanda wazomaliza zomangira nyumba za anthu ndizazikulu kwambiri. Pogwira ntchito, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zachikhalidwe komanso zamakono. Yoyamba ndi njerwa, pulasitala, mwala. Nyumba yachiwiri - yozungulira, yolowera, magawo osiyanasiyana, ndi zina zambiri. Kuti timveke bwino, tikhala mwatsatanetsatane pazida zomangira zazikulu, phunzirani za maubwino ndi zovuta zake.
Pulasitala wamkati: mitundu ndi mawonekedwe ake
Pulasitala wagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ngati zinthu zoyang'ana nyumba zapakhomo. Ichi ndi chovala chotchipa, chosavomerezeka ndi chilengedwe chomwe mungapangire kunja, koyambirira kwa nyumbayo. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta, koma zidzatengera luso kuti mugwire bwino ntchitoyi. Zowonadi, ngati ukadaulowo uphwanyidwa, chosanjikizacho chitha kusweka.
Msika wa zomangamanga umapereka zida zatsopano zambiri zokongoletsera zokongoletsera, koma kupaka pulasitala kukhoma sikutaya kufunika kwake. Chifukwa chake, opanga nthawi zonse akupanga kupanga kwawo, ndikupanga zosakaniza zatsopano. Pali mitundu ingapo yamatope, omwe amasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri pazigawozi ndi kapangidwe kake.
Kutengera mitundu yazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, mitundu yotsatira ya pulasitala ikhoza kusiyanitsidwa: mchere, akiliriki, silicone, silicate. Chilichonse mwazomwe zatchulidwazi chili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kuti mudziwe kusankha mtundu winawake, m'pofunika kulingalira za mawonekedwe a zosakaniza zonse, onani mphamvu zawo ndi zofooka zawo.
Mchere pulasitala
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, chisakanizo cha nyumbayi chimatchedwanso simenti. Simenti ndi laimu wapamwamba kwambiri wa Portland amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira. Kuphatikiza apo, yankho nthawi zonse limakhala ndi chodzaza, chomwe chimayimiriridwa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu izi: quartz, marble, mica, dongo, ziwiya zadothi, magalasi. Kukula kwa tizigawo zowonjezera kumathandiza kwambiri. Ntchito yakunja, sing'anga (kachigawo - 1.5-3 mm), yayikulu (3.5-4 mm), mawonekedwe olimba (mpaka 5 mm ndi zina) mitundu ya pulasitala imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kusakaniza kuli ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimawonjezera kukana kwake ndi cheza cha ultraviolet. Ubwino waukulu wamankhwala amchere ndi mphamvu zawo zazikulu. Ubwino wake ndi monga:
- teknoloji yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito;
- Kutuluka kwa nthunzi wabwino, kopanda mawonekedwe sikuwoneka pamwamba pamakoma;
- coating kuyanika sakuopa mpweya;
- kugonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha;
- itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi kulikonse;
- ndizopangira zachilengedwe;
- chinthu chosayaka;
- ali ndi mtengo wotsika;
- pamwamba ndiyosavuta kuyisamalira ndi kuyeretsa;
- sasokonekera pakapita nthawi;
- amakhala ndi moyo wautali;
- limakupatsani kulenga yunifolomu coating kuyanika;
- bowa ndi nkhungu sizimayambira.
Zoyipa zake ndi izi:
- kutsika pang'ono, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha kuchepa kwathunthu kwa nyumbayo;
- salola kugwedera;
- Pokonzekera yankho, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa chinsinsicho, apo ayi magwiridwe antchito adzatayika, kumva kuwawa kwa wosanjikiza kudzawonjezeka kangapo;
- chisakanizocho chimauma msanga, chifukwa chake chiyenera kukandidwa pang'ono;
- ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo ouma.
Chifukwa chosankha mitundu ingapo, mutha kupereka mthunzi womwe mukufuna mothandizidwa ndi mitundu ina. Kujambula kumatha kuchitidwa pokhapokha utayikidwa utayanika (patatha masiku awiri).
Pulasitala akiliriki
Njirayi ili ndi pafupifupi magawo khumi osiyanasiyana, yayikuluyo ndi utomoni wa akiliriki. Ndikosakanikirana kokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito madzi komwe sikutanthauza kusakaniza. Mtunduwu ulibe vuto lalikulu la pulasitala wamchere - ndiwolimba, choncho ngakhale nyumbayo itagwa, ming'alu simawoneka pamakoma. Ndi chisankho chabwino kwa iwo omwe akufuna kusunga ndalama pomaliza komanso kutchinjiriza kwa facade.
Zosakaniza zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo mutagula. Ngati ndi kotheka, mutha kuwonjezera zojambula, onjezerani ma antiseptics omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa bowa ndi nkhungu. Kuchulukitsa kukana kwa chinyezi onjezerani zotetezera madzi. Opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera kukonza magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, titaniyamu ya dioxide imapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chisamayende bwino. Ubwino waukulu wamtunduwu ndi:
- moyo wautali, zaka zosachepera 15;
- kupezeka kwa nthunzi wabwino;
- pulasitiki;
- kukana chinyezi;
- chisanu kukana;
- kukhudzidwa kwakukulu, kukana kupsinjika kwamakina;
- Chitetezo cha chilengedwe;
- zosavuta kuyeretsa;
- mtengo wokwanira komanso kuwononga ndalama.
Zoyipa:
- kuyaka, sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mitundu ina ya kutchinjiriza, mwachitsanzo, ubweya wamaminera;
- Amauma mwachangu, ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito ndi yankho mwachangu;
- kutsika kwamagetsi, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa magetsi, fumbi ndi dothi labwino limamatira kumtunda.
Pulasitala wosakhazikika
Mtundu woterewu, monga matope a akiliriki, amagulitsidwa okonzeka. Chida chachikulu ndi galasi lamadzi. Kusakaniza kumaphatikizapo: kufalikira kwamadzimadzi a potaziyamu ndi sodium silicates, kudzaza mchere (ma marble chips, quartz, miyala yaying'ono, ndi zina zambiri), zosintha, mitundu ya utoto kuti ipatse mtundu winawake. Ndi imodzi mwazida zabwino kwambiri zokongoletsera zokongoletsera, koma ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosakaniza za silicate, koma zonsezi zimasiyana wina ndi mzake kokha muzodzaza zomwe zili gawo la zosasintha. Ndikofunika kuyika matope pamakonkriti, njerwa, zipilala. Nthawi ya crystallization yathunthu imatha masiku 14. Ndizoletsedwa kusakaniza pulasitala wa silicate ndi mitundu ina yazomaliza. Kuyanika kuli ndi maubwino ambiri:
- kutanuka, osawopa kunyinyirika, palibe ming'alu yomwe imawonekera pamwamba;
- kuyeretsa kosavuta, dothi likamawonekera, limatsukidwa mosavuta ndi madzi;
- mkulu permeability nthunzi;
- ukhondo wa chilengedwe;
- alibe fungo;
- yopanda madzi, chinthucho chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakoma owoneka bwino ndi otayirira;
- cholimba;
- ali zomatira wabwino.
Zoyipa:
- mitundu ingapo yamitundu;
- musanalembetse kukhoma, liyenera kulandilidwapo ndi choyambira;
- kutha padzuwa, makamaka mitundu yakuda;
- kapangidwe kake kamakhala mwachangu, mkati mwa maola 3;
- mtengo wokwera.
Silikoni pulasitala
Chokhomacho chili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: ma resilicone emulsified resins, ma filler amchere, zowonjezera zowonjezera, kukonza magwiridwe antchito. Kutengera maziko, mitundu yotsatirayi ya chinthuchi imasiyanitsidwa: silicate-silicone (potaziyamu galasi lamadzi), acrylic-silicone (acrylic polima), siloxane (thermoplastic silicone).
Zothetsera zopangidwa ndi emulsions za silicone zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula chitsulo. Monga anzawo am'mbuyomu, osakanizawo amagulitsidwa ali okonzeka, kuti muyambe, ingotsegulani chidebecho. Makhalidwe ambiri amafanana ndi mankhwala a silicate, koma pulasitala wamtunduwu ndi wotanuka kwambiri, zomatira ndizopamwamba. Zina mwa zabwino zazikulu ndi izi:
- mphamvu, zokutira sizikhala ndi nkhawa pamakina;
- kukana kwa ma radiation;
- hydrophobicity;
- refractoriness;
- kukana mapangidwe aukali ndi mankhwala;
- osawopa kusintha kwa kutentha;
- kumathandiza chitukuko cha tizilombo;
- mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana;
- zosavuta kuyeretsa ndi madzi;
- chovalacho chimapumira;
- moyo wautali wa zaka 25.
Chokhacho chokhacho chosakaniza ndichokwera mtengo, koma kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi kwakuthupi kumaphimba. Komanso, kuipa kwa chinthuchi kumaphatikizapo zovuta za ntchito yomasula.
Kukumana ndi njerwa: zabwino ndi zovuta
Njerwa yakutsogolo (yoyang'ana) ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa facade. Mwakuwoneka, ndi ofanana ndi mabulaketi wamba omanga, koma ali ndi zokondera zokongoletsa. Kukhazikika ndiye mwayi waukulu pamitundu ina. Zimakupatsani mwayi wopanga mpanda wamphamvu kuzungulira nyumba womwe ungathe kupirira kupsinjika konse kwamakina, mpweya, kusintha kwa kutentha.
Maonekedwe akutsogolo kwa maluwa amtunduwu amatha kukhala osalala kapena owoneka bwino. Zofundirazo zimapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kutengera zida zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, ceramic, clinker, hyper-pressed, silicate options akhoza kusiyanitsidwa. Iliyonse ya mitundu yomwe ili pamndandanda imadziwika ndi zinthu zina, ili ndi zabwino zake ndi zovuta zake.
Chinthu china chofunikira pazinthu zakuthupi ndikudzichepetsa kwake. Pofuna kutseka, kupezeka kwa ma void ndikofunikira, izi zimakuthandizani kuti muchepetse kulemera kwathunthu kwa zomangamanga, kuchepetsa kukakamiza pazinthu zothandizira, ndikuthandizira kusunga kutentha. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yolimba sigwiritsidwa ntchito, kupatula njerwa zosindikizidwa, zomwe, mwakutanthauzira, ndi njira yopangira, sizingakhale zopanda pake.
Kusokoneza
Popanga clinker, dongo "lowonda" limagwiritsidwa ntchito, lomwe limakhala ndi mchenga wa quartz wochulukirapo. Pofuna kukonza malowa, basalt yamapiri, yomwe ndi galasi lachilengedwe, imatha kuwonjezeredwa. Kutentha kotentha ndi 1900 °, kubweretsa dothi pafupi ndi malo osungunuka. Kukonzekera koteroko kumapangitsa njerwa kukhala yolimba, ikamenyedwa, imalira (clinker potanthauzira - kulira).
Ubwino:
- kukana kuwonongeka kwa makina;
- mayamwidwe osauka;
- porosity yotsika, kuwonjezera pa kukana kwamadzi, chizindikirochi chimalepheretsa moss kutsogolo;
- moyo wautali (zaka zoposa 100);
- kukana malo aukali.
Zoyipa:
- mphamvu yokoka yayikulu;
- kuchepa kwa nthunzi;
- kutentha kwambiri, komwe kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kutentha;
- ndondomeko yovuta;
- mtengo wokwera.
Ceramic
Njerwa zofiira zimapangidwa ndi dothi lowotcha. Uwu ndiye mtundu wotsika mtengo kwambiri wokutira poyerekeza ndi ena ofanana nawo. Tekinoloje yopanga ndiyosavuta: dongo lomwe lidakumbidwa limaphwanyidwa, kumasulidwa, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, mchenga umawonjezeredwa. Chosakanikacho chimapangidwa kukhala ma briquettes, amawuma, kenako amawotcha mu uvuni kutentha kwa 1100-1300 °. Kuti mukwaniritse zokongoletsa, zojambulazo zitha kujambulidwa, kujambulidwa, kapena kutengera.
Ubwino:
- mphamvu;
- chisanu kukana;
- ukhondo wa chilengedwe;
- kukhazikika;
- kukana moto;
- mikhalidwe yabwino yotseka mawu;
- zosiyanasiyana zamitundu ndi mawonekedwe;
- mtengo wotsika.
Zoyipa:
- kupanga mapangidwe a efflorescence;
- kusokonekera, chiopsezo cha kupsinjika kwamakina;
- chisokonezo;
- mitundu ingapo ya mitundu, kuyambira pakuwunika pang'ono mpaka bulauni yakuda;
- pogulitsa mutha kupeza zinthu zotsika kwambiri.
Kutengeka
Zomangidwazo zimadziwika ndi kulimba kwambiri komanso masamu olondola, ndipamwala wamiyala. Kupanga njerwa, simenti, miyala yamiyala, zinyalala zamakampani (phulusa lochokera ku magetsi, chogwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza migodi ndikukonza mabizinesi amakampani, ma slags ochokera kuma boilers ndi ziwaya, etc.). Chachikulu kusiyana kwa ma analogu am'mbuyomu ndikosowa kuwombera.
Ubwino:
- kukana mapangidwe aukali;
- cholimba;
- mokhudzana ndi mphamvu imaposa kwambiri zinthu za silicate ndi ceramic;
- ali ndi mawonekedwe olondola, osalala m'mbali mwake;
- zopangira zachilengedwe;
- imakupatsani mwayi wotsimikizira, ngakhale kuyala.
Zoyipa:
- cholemera kwambiri, chimakhala ndi katundu wokwanira pamaziko, chifukwa chake sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo kukongoletsa khoma, makamaka kukongoletsa chapansi;
- briquettes ayenera zouma pamaso kuyala;
- ali ndi matenthedwe okwera kwambiri;
- itha kutaya mtundu pakapita nthawi;
- mtengo wokwera.
Njerwa zosalimba
Njerwa za sililase ndimabuleti owoneka bwino opangidwa ndi mchenga wa quartz ndi laimu molingana ndi 9: 1. Kuphatikiza apo, zowonjezera ndi ma colorants atha kupezeka mu chisakanizo. Kuti mupatse mphamvu, zinthuzo zimathandizidwa ndi kutentha kwama autoclaves apadera. Chosavuta chachikulu pazinthu zakuthupi ndikuchepa kwake kukana madzi, kumangotenga chinyezi mosavuta, chifukwa chake sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobisa kutseka, kumafuna chithandizo china chapamwamba.
Ubwino:
- mkulu mphamvu ndi kachulukidwe;
- mawonekedwe olondola;
- mitundu yambiri;
- oyera kwambiri m'mawu owopsa;
- kutchinjiriza kwabwino;
- efflorescence sichimawoneka pamwamba;
- mtengo wotsika.
Zoyipa:
- kuopa chinyezi (kuyamwa madzi kupitirira 15%);
- kulemera kwakukulu;
- kutchinjiriza kotsika;
- otsika chisanu kukana.
Zosiyanasiyana zammbali
Zogulitsa zatsopano zakhala zikufalikira pamsika posachedwa. Kuyang'ana kumbali kumatha kukhala kwamitundu yosiyana ndikuphatikizira zigawo zingapo pakupanga kwake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomaliza chomata zokutira panja nyumba. Nkhaniyi ndi yotchuka chifukwa chosavuta kukonza komanso kukhazikitsa mosavuta. Palibe zida zapadera zofunika kuti ziyikidwe. Pali mitundu ingapo yovekedwa panja, iliyonse imakhala ndi malekezero osiyana ndi kutalika kwa moyo.
Vinilu
Mapanelo oterewa amapangidwa ndi PVC. Kupititsa patsogolo mawonekedwe azinthuzo, zowonjezera zowonjezera zaphatikizidwa. Kufunika kwa zinthu zotere ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina yamagulu. Izi ndichifukwa cha zinthu zabwino zotsatirazi:
- Kukhazikika. Utumiki moyo zaka 15-50;
- Kuperewera kwamagetsi;
- Kukaniza njira zowononga;
- Kutha kupirira kutentha kotsika kwambiri. Zinthuzo sizipunduka pamitengo kuyambira -50 mpaka + 50 ° C;
- Kulemera kopepuka komanso kusakhazikika pakukonza, komwe kumachepetsa ntchito yopangira;
- Mkulu zokongoletsa.
Ngakhale zili ndi maubwino, pali zovuta zina zomwe mungaganizire posankha njira yotsirizayi. Zida zopangidwa ndi polystyrene zimakhala zotsutsana kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, pamwamba pake pamatentha mofulumira, zomwe zimakhudza malingaliro akunja a zonsezo. Mukayika, ndikofunikira kusiya mipata yokulitsa, makamaka m'makona, kuti ikatenthedwa, mapanelo amatha kukulira momasuka popanda kupindika. Zoyipazi zimaphatikizaponso poizoni wa PVC.
Wood
Mtengo wokwera mtengo koma wokongola kwambiri wammbali. Kuti mapanelo oterowo azigwira ntchito nthawi yayitali ndikuwoneka okongola, amathandizidwa ndi impregnations apadera asanaikidwe. Bokosi lamatabwa losanjikiza limakhala lachilengedwe. Ndizotetezeka kwathunthu ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Chovalacho chimapereka kusinthana kwabwino kwa nthunzi ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yanyumbayi.
Zitsulo
Popanga matayala oterewa, amatenga chitsulo chomwe chakhala chikugudubuza ndi kupondaponda. Zotsatirazi zimathandizidwa mbali zonse ndi polima wokongoletsa komanso zokutira zoteteza. Mitundu yotsatirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mawonekedwe:
- Zotayidwa zitsulo zotayidwa. Zambiri zopangidwa ndi malata ndizopepuka komanso zokongoletsa kwambiri. Ndizokhazikika, sizikuwononga chilengedwe;
- Kanasonkhezereka chitsulo. Chovala cham'mbali chopangidwa ndi pepala lokutidwa chimakhala ndi zoteteza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamayende ndi zinthu zakunja.
Simenti
Zinthu zomaliza zitha kukhala simenti ya konkire (konkriti) kapena simenti ya asibesitosi. Pachiyambi choyamba, zinthuzo zimakhala ndi mchenga, simenti ndi mapadi. Ndiyamika zikuchokera izi, kulemera kwa mbali yomalizidwa pa matabwa theka-timbizi yafupika ndipo imawonjezera mphamvu. Kupaka kumakhala ndi izi:
- Kukaniza kutentha kwambiri;
- Kukhazikika;
- Kukaniza kutentha ndi kutentha;
- Kukula kwabwino kwa ziwalo.
Zinthu za asibesitosi simenti sizofalikira makamaka, chifukwa zimatha kusokoneza thanzi la munthu. Koma matekinoloje amakono opanga amathekera pang'ono kuti muchepetse zovuta.
Mwala wachilengedwe komanso wopanga
Mwala wachilengedwe, monga sandstone, umagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ulusi. Zimasiyana pachiyambi, mawonekedwe, mphamvu, kulemera. Kukongoletsa kotereku kumapangitsa nyumbayo kukhala yowoneka bwino ndikutalikitsa moyo wake momwe angathere. Ubwino waukulu wa njirayi ndi monga:
- Zothandiza. Zinthuzo sizikuwonongeka ndipo sizisintha mawonekedwe ake pakapita nthawi, zimateteza moyenera mawonekedwe amkati;
- Mtundu waukulu. Mutha kugula mchere wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe. Opanga amapanga mbale, zotchinga, mapepala amtundu uliwonse;
- Maonekedwe okongola. Kukutira koteroko kumasiyanitsa nyumba iliyonse motsutsana ndi nyumba, ngakhale kukongoletsa kumachitika pang'ono;
- Phindu. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimatha kusinthidwa ndi zopanga. Ndizovuta kusiyanitsa ndi zoyambirira, ndipo zimatha kuzidutsa pamitundu ina.
Chojambula chamiyala cham'mbali
Mtengo wokwera pazinthu zotere umalungamitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake abwino. Siligwiritsa ntchito kuyaka, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zopinga. Kutengera magwiridwe antchito onse, moyo wawo wantchito umafikira zaka 50. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wapamwamba wamiyala yamiyala, matailowo ndiosavuta kukonza ndipo amasonkhanitsidwa mwachangu.
Kuyika kumatha kuchitika ndi manja pokhapokha ngati muli ndi luso logwira ntchito ndi zinthuzo. Kusachita bwino kumatha kubweretsa ndalama zambiri ndikukhala pachiwopsezo m'miyoyo ya anthu.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa masangweji
Mapanelo akulu ndi oyang'anizana ndi sangweji amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofunda. Ndi zotchinga zapulasitiki kapena zamchere zomwe zimakhala pakati pa mapepala awiri azitsulo. Mbali yamkati yam'mimbayo imasiyidwa yosalala kapena yoluka, ndipo mbali yakunja imakongoletsedwa ndi matabwa, miyala, kapena pulasitala. Ubwino waukulu wamapeto amtunduwu ndi izi:
- Kulemera kochepa;
- Kapangidwe ka ma;
- Chitetezo cha chilengedwe;
- Kuthekera koikika nthawi iliyonse mchaka komanso nyengo iliyonse;
- Kugonjetsedwa kusinthasintha mu chinyezi ndi kutentha;
- Mtengo wotsika mtengo.
Mwa zolakwikazo, kuthekera kwakukulu kowonongeka kwamakina kumatha kudziwika. Komanso milatho yozizira imatha kupangika pazolumikizana ndi zinthu pakapita nthawi. Mungapewe zotsatira zoyipa mukamagwira ntchito ngati mungatsatire malamulo okhazikitsa.
Mawotchi opumira
Chifukwa cha chida chapaderacho, zida zili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Amathandizira kukhalabe ndi chinyezi chabwino kwambiri pakhoma komanso mchipinda momwemo, komanso amateteza malo akunja ku dzuwa ndi mpweya. Amabisanso zolakwika komanso ming'alu pamakoma.
Kukutira kumatha kuperekedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mtundu uliwonse wazodzazidwa ndi zotsekemera umapereka chitetezo chodalirika komanso mawonekedwe amakono, okongola. Ndi bwino kukongoletsa makoma poganizira zofunikira za dera lomwe nyumbayo ili.
Makhalidwe abwino omwe ali ndi mpweya wokwanira adzakwaniritsidwa pokhapokha ngati zinthu zomwezo ndizopangidwa ndi zida zapamwamba komanso kukhazikitsa koyenera. Malangizo a Mlengi, makulidwe akudzaza, mulingo wololeza, kukana chisanu ndi zisonyezo zina ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Makaseti oyang'ana kumbuyo
Mbali yayikulu yazogulitsazi ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, amakona anayi. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena aloyi. Mphepete mwazomwe zimakhazikika mkati, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati mabokosi. Pofuna kulimbitsa, ali ndi mabowo ndi mapangidwe apadera kumtunda. Amamangirira zitsulo kukhoma pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira kapena ma rivets.
Mothandizidwa ndi makaseti am'mbali, mutha kusintha mawonekedwe a nyumba, kupanga mpweya wokwanira, ndikukonzanso kunja. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira yosankhira ndalama pochita ntchito yomanganso, malinga ndi chithunzi cham'mbuyomu.
Matenthedwe otsekemera
Zinthu zamakono zili ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Kunja, matenthedwe otentha amafanana ndi njerwa. Amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo. Kawirikawiri awa ndi maziko, odzaza kutchinjiriza kwa matenthedwe ndi zokutira zokongoletsa. Makhalidwe apadera a cholimba, cholimba amalola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kumadera okhala ndi kutentha kosalekeza.
Chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kochepa komanso dera lalikulu, zinthuzo ndizosavuta kusonkhana. Zinthu zaumwini zimatha kukwezedwa mosavuta ndikudulidwa. Chifukwa cholumikizira zolumikizira, ziwalo zimasonkhanitsidwa mosavuta ndikuphatikizika. Kugwiritsa ntchito matenthedwe opangira matenthedwe kumakupatsani mwayi woteteza makoma ku kuzizira, chinyezi, ndi nkhungu.
Magalasi Agalasi
Ubwino wa kumaliza uku kumadalira mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zasankhidwa. Choyambirira, zinthu zonse zamagalasi zimateteza magalasi kuchokera ku ma radiation ndi zinthu zina zoipa zakunja. Ndikulimba kwamphamvu, zimawoneka zosalimba komanso zopanda kulemera. Mapanelo otere amatha kuthana ndi katundu aliyense malinga ndi gulu lake. Zitha kukhala zotsutsana, kuteteza kuba, komanso zinthu zopanda zipolopolo.
Mwa zolakwikazo, ndizotheka kuzindikira kuvuta kwa kukhazikitsa, kapangidwe ndi zovuta pakuwerengera kapangidwe ka glazing yamkati. Komanso, choyipa ndi mtengo wokwera wazinthu zokha ndikuyika chimango.
Zida ziti komanso momwe mungaphatikizire molondola
Kuphatikiza kumatha kuonedwa ngati nyumba yansanjika imodzi kapena nyumba ziwiri zosanja, zomwe zili ndi kapangidwe kokhala ndi zida zomangira zingapo. Mtundu uliwonse wazinthu umatha kukhala ndi gawo losiyana. Zosankha zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri:
- Kuphatikiza kwa mitundu ingapo yamatabwa ofewa;
- Zokongoletsa zamiyala pamodzi ndi kutanthauzira kwamitengo;
- Kuphatikizana kwamitundu yosalala kapena yoluka;
- Kuyika mwala ndi njerwa;
- Kuphatikiza kogwiritsa ntchito thovu, konkriti wokwera komanso matabwa m chipinda chapamwamba.
Zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana posankha zakuthupi
Musanasankhe chomaliza, muyenera kumvetsetsa mawonekedwe ake. Kodi pakufunika kutchinjiriza ndi kutsekereza mawu kwa nyumba yokhazikika kapena chelet. Kulemera kwa zinthu payokha komanso kapangidwe kake nkofunikanso. Ngati chizindikiro ichi ndi chachikulu, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa ku maziko. Kwa nyumba zopangidwa ndi matabwa, zida zomalizira zokhala ndi index yayitali yachitetezo cha moto ndizoyenera.
Zojambulajambula ndi mitundu
Choyang'aniracho ndichizindikiro cha nyumba iliyonse, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusankha kapangidwe kake ndiudindo waukulu. Pofuna kumata makomawo, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri kuti zizikhala zowala nthawi yayitali komanso kuti sizimatha pakapita nthawi. Posankha mtundu, opanga akatswiri amalimbikitsa kutsatira malamulo ena. Nyumbayi iyenera kukhala yokwanira. Komanso, musayang'anitse nyumbayo mopambanitsa poyerekeza ndi nyumba zoyandikana nazo.
Kwa nyumba zamatabwa, mitundu ya pastel ndiyabwino. Ngati nyumbayi ndi yakale, ndiye kuti ndibwino kusiya mtundu womwe adapanga ndi womanga ntchitoyi. Nyumba yofanana ndi nyumba yachifumu imatha kuthiriridwa ndi zida zamtundu wachilengedwe kapena kuyika njerwa. Choyamba muyenera kujambula mwatsatanetsatane.
Mtengo ndi mtundu
Posankha chinthu chomaliza chomaliza, chidwi chimaperekedwa osati kungogwira ntchito komanso kulimba kwake, komanso kulumikizana kwa mtengo ndi mtundu. Kukutira kuyenera kutsatira miyezo yonse ya kukongola ndi kudalirika. Koma simuyenera kugula zinthu zodula kwambiri pantchito, popanda kutsimikiza kwathunthu kuti lingaliro lotere lingakhale loyenera.
Sikuti banja lililonse lingakwanitse kusankha njira iliyonse yomaliza ndikuyiyika yotsika mtengo. Eni nyumba ambiri amasankha zinthu kutengera kukongola kowoneka bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito kukhazikitsa njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri, m'pofunika kuti muyambe kudziwa zomwe mwasankha.
Kutsiliza
Zodzikongoletsera zamkati zikuchulukirachulukira. Kufunika kwa ntchito zamtunduwu kumawonjezera kupezeka kwa zida, kusiyanasiyana kwawo kwakukulu. Mukasankha magawo amtundu woyenera, mtundu wake ndi kapangidwe kake, mutha kupanga nyumba yanu yokhazikika kapena yapadziko lonse lapansi kukhala yapadera komanso yoyambirira. Zidzawoneka zabwino nthawi zonse komanso zothandiza.
