Malo amoto masiku ano samakhala ngati chinthu chotenthetsera moto, monga zinkakhalira masiku akale. Zachidziwikire, kumatha kukhala kotentha komanso kosavuta, koma cholinga chake chachikulu m'nyumba yaying'ono kapena m'nyumba yamzindawu ndizokongoletsa. Pabalaza nthawi yomweyo pamakhala zinthu zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba. Mukakhala pafupi ndi malo otentha ndi kapu ya khofi madzulo achisanu, ndipo mutangokhala otanganidwa kuntchito, mutha kupumula osaganizira chilichonse, kapena kungoyang'ana TV.
Mitundu yamitundu yamitundu yambiri ili ndi mitundu yambiri yazosankha zoyambirira komanso zoyambirira. Chimodzi mwazotchuka kwambiri ndi malo amoto apakona mkati.
Mitundu yamalo amoto
Kutengera mtundu wamafuta, njira yokhazikitsira, kapangidwe ndi malo, mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: nkhuni, gasi, magetsi, pansi, khoma, molunjika, pangodya, mwala, matabwa. Pali zida zomwe sizikusowa ngakhale chimbudzi. Samatulutsa zinthu zovulaza mumlengalenga, ngakhale zimagwira ntchito molingana ndi moto wamoyo.
Zosankha zomwe zimamangidwazo sizikhala ndi malo ochepa, koma malowa ayenera kuganiziridwiratu popanga zamkati kuti zisasokoneze kapangidwe ka makomawo. Ngati mungaganize zokhazikitsira zida mukakonzanso, njira yabwino kwambiri ndi malo oyatsira khoma. Ponena za zokongoletsa zakunja, zimatha kupangidwa ndi miyala, njerwa, ndi zida zina.
Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tatchulazi, malo amoto pachilumba ndi pakona ndi otchuka - amakhala olimba mkati, ndikukhala gawo lofunikira.
Kupanga ndi maubwino
Ubwino wa mitundu yazakona ndiosatsutsika. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikusunga kwakukulu m'malo opanda ufulu. Pokhala pakona, malo amoto samavutitsa aliyense, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakwaniritsa ntchito zake zonse zokongoletsa kwathunthu. Chimbudzi mu kapangidwe kameneka chili pamakoma aliwonse.
Mwa kapangidwe kake, zida zamakona ndizophatikizika kwambiri, zimatha kukhazikitsidwa osati pabalaza lalikulu, komanso muzipinda zokhala ndi malo ochepa - mwachitsanzo, m'chipinda chogona kapena muofesi. Chifukwa cha malo pakati pamakoma awiri, mapangidwe otere amatenthetsa zipinda zoyandikana, zomwe ndizosavuta komanso zothandiza. Mitundu yamakona imatha kukhala yofananira kapena yopanda malire.
Malo amoto osakanikirana
Mitundu iyi ndiyamakona anayi ndipo imakwanira pakona. Chifukwa chake, danga limasungidwa ndipo malo oyatsira moto amakwanira bwino ngakhale mkatikati momwe zida zotere sizimaperekedwa. Chimbudzi chimatha kukhazikitsidwa mosavuta kukhoma loyandikana nalo.
Malo amoto osakanikirana nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtundu wazinthu zokonzera chipinda. Zambiri pakuwona zamkati mwenimweni zimadalira zokutira ndi mawonekedwe apansi pamoto, koma awa ndi mafunso kwa akatswiri opanga. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kuwona chithunzicho, sankhani njira yabwino kwambiri.
Malo ozimitsira ozungulira
Mitundu yofananira ikulimbikitsidwa kuti iyikidwe muzipinda zomwe sizingasungidwe malo. Njirayi yakwera pakona. Kuchokera pamapangidwe, malo ozimitsira oyenda bwino amazindikirika bwino, chifukwa moto umawoneka kulikonse m'chipindacho. Kuchokera pamalingaliro othandiza, njirayi ndiyonso yolandirika, chifukwa malo oyatsa moto amatha kuthana ndi ntchito yotentha bwino, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina.
Malo amoto apakona amatha kukhala achilengedwe komanso okongoletsa, ndiye kuti, osati kutentha nyumba, koma kungowoneka bwino. Zikatero, mwini nyumbayo amachotsa vuto lokhazikitsa chimbudzi, chomwe chimapulumutsa kwambiri nthawi ndi ndalama.
Chitofu cha moto
Ntchito yayikulu ya mbaula yamoto ndikuwotcha chipinda. Zitsanzo zoterezi ndizamwala, zitsulo. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kophikira, muyenera kuyika mbaula yazipangizo zoyatsira moto ndi chitofu mukamakhala chovala chapadera. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zosankha ndi uvuni kapena mitundu yophatikiza.
Zachidziwikire, sikulimbikitsidwa kuyika mbaula zotere pabalaza, ngakhale pangakhale pogona, koma kukhitchini yayikulu-chipinda chodyera njirayi ndiyabwino. Zitofu zambiri zamoto zamakono ndizoyikamo zazitsulo zazing'ono. Amakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndipo amatha kutentha chipinda mpaka 80-90 sq.m.
Kukhazikitsa
Eni ake amtsogolo amalo amoto nthawi zambiri amadzifunsa funso ili: Kodi malo abwino oti akhazikitsirako moto wamakona kuti akhale okongola komanso othandiza? Malo amoto amaikidwa pamakoma amkati kapena akunja. Mukasankha njira yoyamba, zovuta pakukhazikitsa zingabuke chifukwa chakukwera kwachimbudzi. Kachiwiri, kuyikirako kumakhala kovuta kwenikweni, koma kumafuna kuvomerezedwa ndi akuluakulu oyenera.
Malo aliwonse amoto omwe mungasankhe (kupatula malo amoto amagetsi), chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa moto chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi chitetezo chamoto. China chilichonse chimachokera kwa mwiniwake. Chokhacho ndichakuti, sikoyenera kukhazikitsa malo oyatsira moto patsogolo pa mawindo ndi zitseko zolowera, kuti mupewe kuyika.
Ngati malo oyatsira moto amakwanira kukhoma, onetsetsani kuti mwayika chosanjikiza chosakanikirana ndi makulidwe osachepera 20 mm. Kukhazikitsa pansi pamatabwa kumafunanso chitetezo china ngati chitsulo chomwe chimayikidwa mozungulira moto.
Malo oyatsira moto pakona pabalaza
Pabalaza, pomwe nthawi zambiri pamakhala malo okwanira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyika malo oyatsira moto, pafupi ndi pomwe mutha kuyika mipando ingapo yokongola, tebulo lakumwa tiyi - bwanji osakhala lingaliro labwino? Komabe, nyengo ya kutentha iyenera kulingaliridwa, popeza palibe chosangalatsa chifukwa chakuti, kukhala pafupi ndi moto, mumamva kutentha, osati kutentha kwabwino.
Mukayika moto m'chipinda chochezera, muyenera kuganiziranso za momwe chipinda chimakhalira. Zakale zimawoneka zopusa kuphatikiza kuphatikiza ukadaulo wapamwamba, monga Provence siwochezeka ndi zojambulajambula.
Bokosi lamoto la njerwa
M'nyumba yakumidzi, njerwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira bokosi lamoto. Ndizotetezedwa komanso zotetezeka kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi zotenthetsera komanso kutentha kwambiri. Ngakhale pakhala chisanu choopsa kunja kwa mawindo, bokosi lamoto la njerwa limatenthedwa mwachangu ndikusunga kutentha kwanyumba kwanthawi yayitali.
Njerwa imagonjetsedwa ndi zakunja ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, chifukwa chake mabokosi oyatsira njerwa amawerengedwa kuti ndi odalirika komanso okhazikika. Sichiyenera kutsukidwa nthawi zambiri monga, chitsulo. Zinthu zotentha kwambiri (chamotte) sizitulutsa zinthu zowononga m'mlengalenga. Kuyika bokosi lamoto la njerwa kumafunikira maziko abwino, chifukwa moto ndiwolemetsa. Kulemera kwake ndi 450-500 kg, ndipo sizinthu zonse zomwe zimatha kupirira kulemera kumeneku. Pansi pake pamakongoletsedwa ndi zida zapadera zotsalira - mwachitsanzo, matailosi a mabulo.
Podziyimira pawokha, popanda chidziwitso chapadera, sizokayikitsa kuti padzakhala zotheka kuyatsa bokosi lamoto la njerwa, chifukwa chake tikulimbikitsidwa kuyitanitsa ntchito kuchokera kwa wopanga chitofu woyenera yemwe apanga malo amoto molingana ndi malamulo onse achitetezo.
Bokosi lazitsulo lazitsulo
Anthu ambiri amakonda mabokosi azitsulo olimba omwe amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri. Malo amoto samachita mdima, samatha pakapita nthawi, amasunga kutentha kwanthawi yayitali, amatha kutentha madera akulu, omwe amasungira kwambiri ndalama zowasamalira.
Mutha kugula bokosi lamoto lazitsulo lokonzekera, kapena kuzisonkhanitsa nokha, mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri. Malo amoto azitsulo amakhala ndi mtengo wotsika poyerekeza ndi mwala kapena njerwa, womwe ulinso mwayi wake.
Osazizilitsa bokosi lazitsulo lazitsulo. Ngati mukufuna kuziziritsa moto, musatsanulire madzi oundana mwachangu.
Ndi manja anu
Ngati muli ndi luso lomanga lokwanira ndipo mumamvetsetsa momwe magwiridwe antchito amoto amagwirira ntchito ndi zida zina zotenthetsera, mutha kupanga moto pakona ndi manja anu. Ndizovuta kunena kuti mudzasunga ndalama zingati pazinthu, koma ntchitoyi ituluka mwaulere, pokhapokha mutayenera kuyambiranso chilichonse ndi akatswiri oyenerera.
Musanapite patsogolo ndikukhazikitsa malo amoto, ndikofunikira kupanga pulojekiti yoyamba mwatsatanetsatane ndikukonzekera mosamala magawo onse a ntchito. Musaiwale kupereka zolemba zabwino, malo oyenera chimbudzi, malo oyenera a moto momwemo. Pambuyo pokonza dongosolo lonselo, zidzakhala zovuta kukonzanso kena kake, makamaka ngati malo oyatsira moto amangidwa.
Zipangizo
Mosasamala mtundu wamoto womwe mungasankhe kuyimitsa, mufunika zida zambiri kuti mupange. Choyamba, muyenera kusamalira kumatira kokwanira, komwe kumatha kukhala padenga, polyethylene. Muyeneranso kusungitsa mchenga wokwanira, mwala wosweka, simenti, dongo, lomwe lingakhale lothandiza popanga matope ndi zina zomanga.
Pokonza malo amoto, mufunika matabwa kapena mapepala azitsulo a formwork, mauna, ndodo zolimbitsira konkire.
Pogwiritsa ntchito poyatsira moto ndi phulusa, zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutengera mtundu wa zida zotenthetsera. Itha kukhala njerwa (yosavuta komanso yopanda moto), magawo azitsulo, ndi zina zambiri.
Kukonzekera ndi mizere yoyamba
Choyamba, muyenera kusamalira maziko, omwe ayenera kukhala okulirapo kuposa maziko amoto momwemo. Kuti mupange maziko, muyenera kukumba dzenje, ndikuphwanya dzenjelo bwino ndikudzaza mchenga wonyowa. Mwala wosweka umatsanuliridwa pamwamba, mauna amaikidwa.
Gawo lotsatira ndikuteteza makoma kuti asatenthedwe ndi zingwe zapadera za asibesito. Pambuyo pake, muyenera kukhazikitsa formwork ndikumaliza njira zonse zothira maziko. Pambuyo popanga maziko, nthawi yopanga ukadaulo wamasiku 18-20 iyenera kupangidwa.
Ponena za njira zoyikira moto, pali ziwiri mwanjira yakona, pomwe mtundu umodzi umakhala wosavuta kuyika, winayo ndi wovuta kwambiri. Zambiri zimatengera kuyika mzere woyamba, chifukwa kulakwitsa kulikonse kumatha kuwonetsa magawo ena onse antchito. Mzere woyamba umayika kukula kwa moto wonse, chifukwa chake makulidwe azisamba ayenera kuwonetsedwa molondola kwambiri.
Moto
Kuti malo amoto azingokhala zokongoletsera m'chipindacho, komanso kuti azitha kutentha kwambiri momwe mungathere, muyenera kuyika bokosi lamoto molondola. Pachifukwa ichi, makoma ake ayenera kukhala mbali inayake wina ndi mnzake - mbalizo zimayang'ana panja, ndipo kumbuyo kumayang'ana kutsogolo.
Voliyumu yamalo oyatsira moto iyenera kukhala 1/50 ya kukula kwathunthu kwa chipinda. Ndikofunikanso kuganizira kuzama, komwe kuyenera kukhala kolondola. Ngati bokosi lamoto ndi lakuya kwambiri, malo amoto satentha mokwanira ndipo chipinda chimazizira. Ngati, m'malo mwake, kuya kwake kuli kosazama, utsi ukhoza kuchitika.
Bokosi lamoto ndi lotsekedwa komanso lotseguka, limatha kukhala lolimba kapena kuphatikiza. Kuti muwerengedwe koyenera pazenera la ng'anjo, dera la chipinda liyenera kugawidwa ndi 50.
Kupita
Pofuna kupewa kuthetheka kutuluka mchimbudzi ndipo osatsika ndi mpweya, pamakhala malo apadera pakati pa bokosi lamoto ndi chipinda cha utsi, kapena chiphaso. Zitha kukhala zofananira kapena zofananira. Kupita sikuyenera kupanga chitoliro chocheperako.
Chipika cha Arch ndi chimney
Chipilalacho chikuyimira kulumikizana kwa zipata, kumatha kukhala kofanana, kotchingidwa, molunjika.
Chimbudzi chimatha kugulidwa kale, koma zosankha izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera mtengo, chifukwa chake zimakhala zosavuta kuzipanga ndi manja anu pazitsulo kapena njerwa. Makoma omwe chimbudzi chimadutsamo amayenera kutetezedwa momwe angathere ndi asibesitosi, ndipo pansi pake iyeneranso kutetezedwa.
Chimbudzi chimodzi chimodzimodzi sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popangira magetsi osiyanasiyana, chifukwa choyatsira moto chiyenera kudziyimira palokha. Kutalika koyenera kwa chimbudzi ndi osachepera 5 m, kapena kupitilira apo. Zimangodalira kutalika kwa zipinda m'chipindacho. Chimbudzi chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zotsutsa. Mtundu wa njerwa ukhoza kusindikizidwa ndi chitoliro chachitsulo. Mawonekedwe abwino a chimbudzi ndi silinda. Zolepheretsa pang'ono kuti utsi upite, mwaye sadzakhazikika pamakoma.
Kutsiriza
Gawo lomaliza la zovuta kukhazikitsa moto ndizomaliza. Zimadalira kalembedwe komwe kulipo, komanso zokonda za eni ake. Zokongoletsazo zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zokongoletsera, ziwiya zadothi, mwala, ma marble. Mwachitsanzo, malo ozimitsira moto ndi chimoto amatha kumaliza ndi miyala, kumtunda kwa malo amoto kumatha kuphimbidwa ndi pulasitala wokongoletsera.
Musanayambe kukongoletsa, muyenera kuphimba panja pamoto ndikulimbitsa. Ndikofunika kulumikiza mauna okhala ndi ma cell a 10x10 mm pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira zokhazokha panjerwa kuti mumalize ndi miyala. Ngati ndi kotheka, kumtunda kwa malo amoto kumakhala ndi pulasitala wa gypsum. Kulimbitsa pamwamba, ma fiberglass mesh yokhala ndi mesh kukula kwa 5x5 mm imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zokongoletsa bajeti zimaphatikizapo kupanga bokosi lapadera la plasterboard lokhazikitsidwa pambuyo pake.
Kukutira panja kumatha kukhala kosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe ndi utoto. Pulasitala amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsanzo zokongoletsera zomwe zidakonzedweratu, pambuyo pake matailosi amaikidwa pansi mozungulira moto. Ntchito yotsatira yomaliza yamoto imachitika pasanathe masiku awiri.
Mapeto
Malo ozimitsira moto ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimabweretsa kutentha ndi chitonthozo kunyumba komwe adaikirako. Kuti akutumikireni kwanthawi yayitali, muyenera kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera chitetezo mukamapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsa, komanso kumbukirani kuti muyeretsedwe ndi mwaye ndi phulusa munthawi yake.
Mafuta okhaokha opangidwira izi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyatsa moto. Kutha kwa malo amoto amakono ndikokwanira kutentha chipinda mpaka 200 sq.m. M'nyumba yotere simudzakhala chinyezi komanso fungo loyenera, lomwe ndikofunikira posunga kutentha ndi bata. Mukayika malo oyatsira moto mu holo, mutha kusangalala tsiku lililonse, kucheza ndi banja lanu, pemphani anzanu kuti adzakhale nawo tiyi, ndikudya maphwando.
